A dialysis machine (e.g., a peritoneal dialysis (PD) machine) can include a pressure sensor mounted at a proximal end of a patient line made of a distensible material that provides PD solution to a patient through a catheter. During treatment, an occlusion can occur at different locations in the patient line and/or the catheter. When an incremental volume of additional solution is provided to the patient line while the occlusion is present, a change in pressure results. The change in pressure depends on the dimensions and the distensibility of the non-occluded portion of the patient line. If the change in pressure, the incremental volume, the properties related to the distensibility of the patient line, and some of the dimensions of the patient line are known, the location of the occlusion can be inferred. The occlusion type can be inferred based on the determined location.

Hemodialysis systems are described. A hemodialysis system may include a dialysate flow path through which dialysate is passed from a dialysate reservoir, which includes a valved vent to atmosphere, to an ultrafilter. The dialysate flow path includes a pneumatically actuated diaphragm-based dialysate pump for pumping fluid from the dialysate reservoir to the ultrafilter. The hemodialysis system may include a controller for controlling pneumatic actuation pressure delivered to the dialysate pump and at least one valve connecting the dialysate reservoir vent to the atmosphere. The hemodialysis system may be configured to actuate the dialysate pump and the at least one valve to introduce air into the dialysate flow path and expel liquid from the dialysate flow path to a drain.

A system and method for balancing flows of renal replacement fluid is disclosed. The method uses pressure controls and pressure sensing devices to more precisely meter and balance the flow of fresh dialysate and spent dialysate. The balancing system may use one or two balancing devices, such as a balance tube, a tortuous path, or a balance chamber.

A dialysis method to enable a patient to undergo both peritoneal dialysis and extracorporeal blood treatments is disclosed. The method includes determining, via a base unit controller, whether a peritoneal dialysis treatment or an extracorporeal blood treatment is to be performed. If the peritoneal dialysis treatment is to be performed, the method includes operating first software instructions that cause a base unit to use a first fluid stored in a fluid container. If the extracorporeal blood treatment is to be performed, the method includes operating second software instructions that cause the base unit to use a second, different fluid from an online source and selectively move the second, different fluid to a blood treatment unit for use in the extracorporeal blood treatment. The blood treatment unit is operable with the base unit to perform the extracorporeal blood treatment on a patient.

A peritoneal dialysis system includes a water purifier, a cycler, and a disposable set operable with the cycler. The disposable set includes a pumping cassette including a water inlet port, a heater/mixing container in fluid communication with the pumping cassette, a water accumulator, a first water line segment, and a second water line segment. The first water line segment is in fluid communication with the water inlet port and the water accumulator. Additionally, the second water line segment is in fluid communication with the water accumulator and the water purifier.

A medical treatment system, such as peritoneal dialysis system, may include control and other features to enhance patient comfort and ease of use. For example, a peritoneal dialysis system may include patient line state detector for detecting whether a patient line is primed before it is to be connected to the patient. The patient line state detector can also the ability to detect whether a patient line has been properly mounted for priming. Both patient line presence/absence and fill state can be determined using an optical system, e.g., one that employs a single optical sensor.

A system and method are disclosed for the automated collection of dialysis data. An example method includes receiving and aggregating dialysis data comprising a fill volume amount and a drain volume amount for at least one continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (“CAPD”) cycle. The method also includes calculating an amount of ultrafiltration removed for each CAPD cycle by subtracting the fill volume amount from the drain volume amount for the respective CAPD cycle, and storing ultrafiltration data that is indicative of the amount of ultrafiltration removed as part of the aggregated dialysis data. The method further includes determining or receiving an indication that a dialysis machine is connected. After the dialysis machine is connected, the method includes transmitting the aggregated dialysis data to the dialysis machine to enable the aggregated dialysis data to be combined with additional dialysis data generated by the dialysis machine for determining total dialysis data.

Dialysis systems are disclosed comprising new fluid flow circuits. Systems may include blood and dialysate flow paths, where the dialysate flow path includes balancing, mixing, and/or directing circuits. Dialysate preparation may be decoupled from patient dialysis. Circuits may be defined within one or more cassettes. The fluid circuit fluid flow paths may be isolated from electrical components. A gas supply in fluid communication with the dialysate flow path and/or the dialyzer able to urge dialysate through the dialyzer and urge blood back to the patient may be included for certain emergency situations. Fluid handling devices, such as pumps, valves, and mixers that can be actuated using a control fluid may be included. Control fluid may be delivered by an external pump or other device, which may be detachable and/or generally rigid, optionally with a diaphragm dividing the device into first and second compartments.

A dialysis system includes: (i) a source of water made suitable for a dialysis treatment; (ii) at least one concentrate for mixing with the water from the source; (iii) a dialysis fluid pump; and (iv) a disposable set operable with the dialysis fluid pump and in fluid communication with the source of water and the at least one concentrate, the disposable set including a container having a first end and a second end, the container configured to allow the water and the at least one concentrate pumped by the dialysis fluid pump to enter at the second end and exit from the first end to mix for the dialysis treatment.

A system and method for balancing flows of renal replacement fluid is disclosed. The method uses pressure controls and pressure sensing devices to more precisely meter and balance the flow of fresh dialysate and spent dialysate. The balancing system may use one or two balancing devices, such as a balance tube, a tortuous path, or a balance chamber.