An apparatus is described for extracorporeal blood treatment (1), comprising a treatment unit (2), an extracorporeal blood circuit (8) and a fluid evacuation line (10). The apparatus comprises a control unit (21) connected with a pressure sensor (13, 14) and with a blood pump (9) and configured to move the blood pump (9), generating a variable flow (Q(t)) with a constant component (Q.sub.b) and a variable component (Qvar(t)) having a nil average value; the variable flow generates, in the expansion chamber (11, 12), a progression of the pressure that is variable over time (P(t)) with a pressure component (Pvar(t)) oscillating about an average value (P.sub.avg). The control unit receives, from the sensor, a plurality of values (P.sub.j) and calculates the average value of the pressure (P.sub.avg), acquires an estimated value of volume variation (AP) in the expansion chamber (11, 12) connected to the variable flow component (Qvar(t)), calculates, as a function of the pressure values (P.sub.j), an estimated value of pressure variation (AP) in the expansion chamber (11; 12) that is representative of the oscillating pressure component (Pvar(t)) and determines a representative magnitude of a blood level (L) in the expansion chamber (11, 12) as a function of the average value (P.sub.avg) of the pressure (P(t)), of the estimated value of volume variation (AV) and of the estimated pressure variation (AP) in the expansion chamber.

The invention relates to a dialysis machine having the capability of determining a predialytic property in the blood of a dialysis patient which has an extracorporeal blood circuit, a dialyzate circuit, a dialyzer and a processing unit, wherein at least one sensor for determining a property of the dialyzate is arranged in the dialyzate circuit. The processing unit is configured such that temporal evaluation ranges are fixed during an initial phase of the dialysis treatment, in which temporal evaluation ranges all stability criteria from a predefined group are satisfied; and in that only measured values determined by the at least one sensor within these temporal evaluation ranges are used for determining a predialytic property of the patient's blood.

Systems and methods of generating a customized dialysate solution are provided. The system and methods use stock concentrates, with the addition of spikes to generate a customized dialysate solution based on the needs of the patient.

The present invention is a system to continuously monitor, in real-time, the small molecules being dialyzed during hemodialysis treatment using Raman spectroscopy and press control algorithms. By monitoring the treatment, the amount of water needed per dialysis treatment is drastically reduced by optimizing analyte saturation and removal of wastes. This will significantly conserve water and reduce the cost of dialysis treatments, possibly reducing the amount of time necessary for dialysis treatment, improving quality of life for patients during and after treatment, and reducing the costs of building new treatment centers as well as operating costs.

Novel tools and techniques for assessing, predicting and/or estimating effectiveness of fluid resuscitation of a patient and/or an amount of fluid needed for effective resuscitation of the patient, in some cases, noninvasively.

Novel tools and techniques are provided for assessing, predicting and/or estimating a physiological state of a patient, based on variance of the patient's compensatory reserve index (“CRI”) before, during, and/or after a physical perturbation. In some embodiments, the system might receive a first set of physiological data from one or more sensors at a first time relative to a physical perturbation of the patient, and might calculate a first set of CRI values of the patient. The system might receive a second set of physiological data at a second time relative to the physical perturbation, calculate a second set of CRI values, analyze the two sets of CRI values against a pre-existing model, estimate a physiological state (e.g., hydration, etc.) of the patient, and display the estimate on a display device. The system might also control an infusion device to infuse fluids into the patient based on estimated hydration state.

An apparatus for extracorporeal treatment of fluid and a process of setting up a medical apparatus for the delivery or collection of fluids are disclosed. According to the apparatus and the process, a control unit (10) is configured calculate set values of two or more of the fluid flow rates by imposing that an emptying time of containers of fresh fluid (16, 20, 21, 26) and/or a filling time of a waste container is substantially same as, or multiple of, the emptying time of one or more of the other containers of fresh fluid.

An apparatus for extracorporeal treatment of blood (1) comprising a treatment unit, a blood withdrawal line, a blood return line, a preparation line and a spent dialysate line. A control unit (10) is configured to calculate values of a parameter relating to treatment effectiveness based on measures of the conductivity in the spent dialysate line. An upstream variation of the value of the characteristic (Cd.sub.in) is caused in the fresh treatment liquid with respect to a prescription baseline (Cd.sub.set) thereby causing a corresponding and timely delayed downstream variation of the same characteristic (Cd.sub.out) in the spent liquid flowing in the spent dialysate line (13). An amplitude (ΔC.sub.in) and/or a duration over time (ΔT) of the upstream variation are/is computed as a function of the flow rate (Qdial) of the fresh treatment liquid in a preparation line (19) or of the parameter correlated to the flow rate (Qdial).

The present invention is a system to continuously monitor, in real-time, the small molecules being dialyzed during hemodialysis treatment using Raman spectroscopy and press control algorithms. By monitoring the treatment, the amount of water needed per dialysis treatment is drastically reduced by optimizing analyte saturation and removal of wastes. This will significantly conserve water and reduce the cost of dialysis treatments, possibly reducing the amount of time necessary for dialysis treatment, improving quality of life for patients during and after treatment, and reducing the costs of building new treatment centers as well as operating costs.

Dialysis systems comprising actuators that cooperate to perform dialysis functions and sensors that cooperate to monitor dialysis functions are disclosed. According to one aspect, such a hemodialysis system comprises a user interface model layer, a therapy layer, below the user interface model layer, and a machine layer below the therapy layer. The user interface model layer is configured to manage the state of a graphical user interface and receive inputs from a graphical user interface. The therapy layer is configured to run state machines that generate therapy commands based at least in part on the inputs from the graphical user interface. The machine layer is configured to provide commands for the actuators based on the therapy commands.