An exercise support apparatus is capable of supporting exercise taken by a patient during blood purification treatment and includes an estimation generating device that generates an estimation representing a circulating-blood-volume rate of change regarding a circulating blood volume that is estimated to be observed after the exercise is started, the estimation being generated after the blood purification treatment is started and from a continuous measurement of the circulating-blood-volume rate of change as regarding changes in circulating blood volume that is conducted before the exercise is started; a calculating device that calculates a difference between a measured value of the circulating-blood-volume rate of change that is acquired after the exercise during the blood purification treatment is started and a value of the estimation generated by the estimation generating device; and a first monitoring device that monitors whether the difference or ratio calculated by the first calculating device is over a predetermined threshold.

A blood purification apparatus to which a blood circuit that allows a patient's blood to extracorporeally circulate and a blood purifier connected to the blood circuit and that purifies the blood in extracorporeal circulation are attachable, the blood purification apparatus including a dialysate introduction line through which dialysate is introduced into the blood purifier; a dialysate drain line through which waste dialysate resulting from blood purification performed by the blood purifier is drained from the blood purifier; and a concentration-detecting unit that detects a concentration of a predetermined substance in the waste dialysate resulting from the blood purification by the blood purifier and flowing through the dialysate drain line. The blood purification apparatus includes a control unit that establishes a state of equilibrium where the concentration of the predetermined substance in the waste dialysate flowing through the dialysate drain line and a concentration of the predetermined substance in the blood flowing through the blood circuit are equal or approximate to each other; a storage unit storing a value detected by the concentration-detecting unit in the state of equilibrium as an equilibrium value; and a clearance-calculating unit that calculates clearance in accordance with the value detected by the concentration-detecting unit and the equilibrium value stored in the storage unit, the clearance being a figure of merit representing a degree of solute removal by the blood purifier.

A control system operates (201) an apparatus for extracorporeal blood processing to extract, process and return the blood of an individual while removing fluid from the blood in accordance with a set value for ultrafiltration rate, UFR. The control system further obtains (202) sensor data representing one or more physiological parameters of the individual, and intermittently performs an optimization procedure (203) to generate the set value based on the sensor data. The optimization procedure comprises: evaluating (203A) the sensor data for detection of a limiting physiological status, LPS, sequentially controlling (203B) the apparatus in accordance with a test sequence of UFRs until the LPS is detected for a current UFR, and updating (203C) the set value based on the current UFR for use in operating the apparatus subsequent to the optimization procedure. The control system may perform a series of temporally separated optimization procedures during a treatment session to adapt the UFR to the individual.

The disclosed subject matter relates to extracorporeal blood processing or other processing of fluids. Volumetric fluid balance, a required element of many such processes, may be achieved with multiple pumps or other proportioning or balancing devices which are to some extent independent of each other. This need may arise in treatments that involve multiple fluids. Safe and secure mechanisms to ensure fluid balance in such systems are described.

Embodiments of the disclosure provide a method for determining beginning blood volume of a patient during dialysis (e.g., hemodialysis). Ultrafiltration rates are determined at different time stamps during dialysis by obtaining a blood flowrate measurement and hematocrit measurements at input port and output port of a dialyzer connected to the patient. The flowrate and hematocrit measurements are used to determine fluid removed from the patient during dialysis. The ultrafiltration rates and fluid removed from the patient are used to determine the beginning blood volume of the patient.

A blood purification apparatus with a blood circuit that allows a patient's blood to extracorporeally circulate and a blood purifier connected to the blood circuit and that purifies the blood in extracorporeal circulation are attachable, the blood purification apparatus including a dialysate introduction line through which dialysate is introduced into the blood purifier; a dialysate drain line through which waste dialysate resulting from blood purification performed by the blood purifier is drained from the blood purifier; and a concentration-detecting unit that detects a concentration of a predetermined substance in the waste dialysate flowing through the dialysate drain line. The blood purification apparatus includes a control unit that establishes a state of equilibrium where the concentration of the predetermined substance in the waste dialysate flowing through the dialysate drain line and a concentration of the predetermined substance in the blood flowing through the blood circuit are equal or approximate to each other; a storage unit that stores a value detected by the concentration-detecting unit in the state of equilibrium as an equilibrium value; and a clear-space-calculating unit that calculates clear space in accordance with the value detected by the concentration-detecting unit and the equilibrium value stored in the storage unit, the clear space being an index representing a volume of purification of a patient achieved by blood purification treatment.

The disclosed subject matter relates to extracorporeal blood processing or other processing of fluids. Volumetric fluid balance, a required element of many such processes, may be achieved with multiple pumps or other proportioning or balancing devices which are to some extent independent of each other. This need may arise in treatments that involve multiple fluids. Safe and secure mechanisms to ensure fluid balance in such systems are described.

This disclosure relates to a method for determining a fluid balance between a first volume flow in a first section of a fluid circuit and a second volume flow of a second section of the fluid circuit. The method may also include adjusting, assuming or detecting a first temperature in the first section of the fluid circuit and a second temperature in the second section of the fluid circuit, or detecting a temperature difference between the first and the second sections. The method may also include detecting a second volume flow in a second section of the fluid circuit and forming a balance from at least the first volume flow and a corrected value of the second volume flow. The corrected value is determined from the detected second volume flow and the second temperature and/or the temperature difference.

An extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus is provided comprising a filtration unit (2) connected to a blood circuit (17) and to a dialysate circuit (32); a control unit (12) is configured for calculating a sodium concentration value for the blood; the estimation of the sodium concentration includes the sub-step of calculating the sodium concentration value as an algebraic sum of a main contribution term based on the isoconductive sodium concentrate and of an offset contribution term based on a concentration of at least a substance in the dialysis fluid chosen in the group including bicarbonate, potassium, acetate, lactate, citrate, magnesium, calcium, sulphate and phosphate.

An extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus is provided comprising a filtration unit (2) connected to a blood circuit (17) and to a dialysate circuit (32), a preparation device (9) for preparing and regulating the composition of the dialysis fluid; a control unit (12) is configured for setting a sodium concentration value for the dialysis fluid in the dialysis supply line (8) at a set point; the setting of the sodium concentration includes the sub-step of calculating the sodium concentration value as an algebraic sum of a main contribution term based on the blood plasma conductivity and of an adjustment contribution term based on a concentration of at least a substance in the dialysis fluid chosen in the group including bicarbonate, potassium, acetate, lactate, citrate, magnesium, calcium, sulphate, and phosphate.