A processor of a medical device configured to communicate with a remote server can be programmed to protect the medical device from exposure to unauthorized or malicious software. A system or method to implement this form of protection can include, for example, at least one processor on the medical device, a control software module that controls the operation of the medical device and is executable on the processor, a data management module that manages data flow to and from the control software module from sources external to the medical device, and an agent module that has access to a limited number of designated memory locations in the medical device. In addition, a hemodialysis apparatus can be configured to operate in conjunction with an apparatus for providing purified water from a source such as a municipal water supply or a well. A system for controlling delivery of purified water to the hemodialysis apparatus can comprise a therapy controller of the hemodialysis apparatus configured to communicate with a controller of a water purification device, and a user interface controller of the hemodialysis apparatus configured to communicate with the therapy controller, and to send data to and receive data from a user interface.

An apparatus used in analyzing spent dialysate includes: at least one surface configured to accommodate a dialysate drain bag or drain line in a predetermined position; a light source positioned to emit light through the dialysate drain bag or drain line; and a light sensor positioned to sense light emitted by the light source through the dialysate drain bag or drain line.

An apparatus for extracorporeal treatment of blood (1) comprising a treatment unit (2), a blood withdrawal line (6), a blood return line (7), a preparation line (19) and a spent dialysate line (13); a non-invasive blood volume sensor (50) for determining an additional property of blood is active on a tube segment (61) of the blood withdrawal line or of the blood return line; the sensor includes one source (53) for directing a signal towards the blood, a plurality of detectors (57) for receiving the signal, and a controller (65) receiving the output signals from the detectors (57) and determining a blood volume variation and a value of sodium concentration in the blood (Na.sub.pl) both based on the output signals. A process of determining at least one parameter and on property of blood circulating an extracorporeal blood circuit is also disclosed.

Dialysis devices include a frame defined by a plurality of sidewalls that are impermeable to a sample being dialyzed, a pair of dialysis membranes that are each associated with an opposing face of the plurality of sidewalls such that the plurality of sidewalls and the pair of dialysis membranes define a sample chamber, an outer shell surrounding at least a portion of the pair of dialysis membranes, and a cap selectively associated with the sample chamber. The cap can be selectively associated with the sample chamber via an attachment mechanism that is configured to provide aural and/or haptic feedback when the cap forms a tight association with the sample chamber. The cap can be a sensor cap having one or more probes for measuring at least one property of fluid inside and/or outside the sample chamber and a transmitter for transmitting data captured at the probe(s) to a destination device.

A blood based solute monitoring system for measuring at least one blood solute species that has a first recirculation flow path in fluid communication with a dialyzer. The first recirculation flow path is configured to allow a fluid to recirculate through a dialyzer such that the concentration of at least one solute species in the fluid becomes equilibrated to the solute species concentration of the blood in a blood compartment of the dialyzer. The blood solute monitoring system has at least one sensor to measure a fluid characteristic.

The present invention relates to an apparatus for sample taking from a fluid-conducting system, wherein the apparatus has at least one adapter which comprises at least one septum and at least one cannula displaceable relative to the septum, wherein the cannula is displaceable such that it penetrates the septum in a sample taking position and does not penetrate the septum in a flushing position; and wherein the adapter has at least one flushing region for a flushing medium which is arranged such that it is in fluid communication with the inner space of the cannula in the flushing position of the cannula; and wherein the apparatus has at least one receiving region having locking means for the fluid-conducting system by which the fluid-conducting system is fixable in a defined position relative to the adapter. The present invention furthermore relates to a blood treatment device and to a method for taking a sample from a fluid-conducting system.

To provide a concentration calculating module configured to measure the concentrations of two constituents simultaneously with higher accuracy.

The concentration measuring module includes a light source configured to emit light into a housing; a first light receiving unit configured to have sensitivity to a wavelength of output light of the light source and receive light radiated from inside the housing; and a second light receiving unit configured to have sensitivity to a longer wavelength than the first light receiving unit and receive light radiated from inside the housing. The light source, the first light receiving unit, and the second light receiving unit are arranged to have a positional relationship in which a light emitting surface of the light source faces a light receiving surface of the first light receiving unit, and a normal to a light receiving surface of the second light receiving unit is orthogonal to, of a line through the light source and the first light receiving unit, a line segment corresponding to the inside of the housing, and a length X of, of the line through the light source and the first light receiving unit, the line segment corresponding to the inside of the housing and then a length Y of, of a line including the normal to the light receiving surface of the second light receiving unit, a line segment corresponding to the inside of the housing satisfy Y/X>1. The concentration measuring module calculates the concentrations of two constituents simultaneously on the basis of first and second signals output from the first and second light receiving units.

Dialysis systems are disclosed comprising new fluid flow circuits. Systems may include blood and dialysate flow paths, where the dialysate flow path includes balancing, mixing, and/or directing circuits. Dialysate preparation may be decoupled from patient dialysis. Circuits may be defined within one or more cassettes. The fluid circuit fluid flow paths may be isolated from electrical components. A gas supply in fluid communication with the dialysate flow path and/or the dialyzer able to urge dialysate through the dialyzer and urge blood back to the patient may be included for certain emergency situations. Fluid handling devices, such as pumps, valves, and mixers that can be actuated using a control fluid may be included. Control fluid may be delivered by an external pump or other device, which may be detachable and/or generally rigid, optionally with a diaphragm dividing the device into first and second compartments.

An apparatus used in analyzing spent dialysate includes: at least one surface configured to accommodate a dialysate drain bag or drain line in a predetermined position; a light source positioned to emit light through the dialysate drain bag or drain line; and a light sensor positioned to sense light emitted by the light source through the dialysate drain bag or drain line.

An apparatus for extracorporeal treatment of blood comprising a treatment unit, a blood withdrawal line, a blood return line, a preparation line and a spent dialysate line; a non-invasive blood volume sensor for determining an additional property of blood is active on a tube segment of the blood withdrawal line or of the blood return line; the sensor includes one source for directing a signal towards the blood, a plurality of detectors for receiving the signal, and a controller receiving the output signals from the detectors and determining a blood volume variation and a value of sodium concentration in the blood (Na.sub.Pl) both based on the output signals. A process of determining at least one parameter and on property of blood circulating an extracorporeal blood circuit is also disclosed.