A floor may include a substrate having a top side and a bottom side. A top layer may be provided on the substrate. The top layer may consist of a printed thermoplastic film and a thermoplastic transparent or translucent layer provided on the printed thermoplastic film. The top layer may be directly adhered to the substrate by heat welding the printed thermoplastic film and the top side of the substrate, in the absence of a glue layer. The substrate may be a synthetic material board including a filler. The substrate at least at two opposite edges may include coupling means provided in the synthetic material board. The thermoplastic transparent or translucent layer may be provided with a structure.

A method is provided for manufacturing a panel that includes a substrate and a top layer provided on the substrate. The top layer may include a decor film and a transparent film. The decor film may be a printed synthetic material film chosen from the group consisting of a vinyl-based film, a polyethylene based film, a polyurethane based film, and a polypropylene film. A print may be situated on an upper side of the printed synthetic material film. The transparent film may be a thermoplastic synthetic material film the material of which is chosen from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyurethane, and polypropylene. The method may involve providing the decor film and the transparent film on the substrate by performing a first press treatment at an increased temperature to form a package of the substrate, the decor film, and the transparent film. The first press treatment may be performed by a calendar device or a continuous press device. A structure may be formed in the thermoplastic synthetic material that forms a surface of the package by performing a second press treatment using a press device with a structured press element at a temperature that is lower than the increased temperature.

A composite structure comprises stacked sets of laminated fiber reinforced resin plies and metal sheets. Edges of the resin plies and metal sheets are interleaved to form a composite-to-metal joint connecting the resin plies with the metal sheets.

Disclosed herein is a laminated structure including a first layer covering a substrate and a raised portion existing on the substrate, and a second layer covering the first layer, in which a first seam is formed inside the first layer, starting from a part at which the raised portion rises from the substrate or a vicinity of the rising part as a start point, a second seam is formed inside the second layer, starting from a part at which the first layer positioned above the substrate rises or a part of the second layer corresponding to a vicinity of the rising part as a start point, and the first seam and the second seam are discontinuous.

A panel may include a substrate and a top layer provided on the substrate. The top layer may include a printed motif provided on a paper sheet and a transparent or translucent synthetic material layer. The paper sheet may be impregnated with polyurethane or polyisocyanate. The synthetic material of the transparent or translucent synthetic material layer may be polyurethane.

A joint structure includes a first member and a second member. The first member includes a projection having a distal end and a base end. The distal end is thicker than the base end. The second member is made of a material different from a material of the first member and has a fitting groove into which the projection is to be inserted. The projection includes, on its surface, an inclined surface extending from the distal end to the base end and inclined with respect to a facing direction in which the first member and the second member face each other. The projection at least includes a plurality of fiber-containing layers that each have a sections in which a fiber extends along the inclined surface.

A composite structure comprises stacked sets of laminated fiber reinforced resin plies and metal sheets. Edges of the resin plies and metal sheets are interleaved to form a composite-to-metal joint connecting the resin plies with the metal sheets.

A floor panel has a rectangular and oblong shape, and includes a substrate and a top layer provided on the substrate and forming a decorative side of the floor panel. The top layer is composed of a print provided on a carrier sheet and a transparent thermoplastic layer situated above the print. The substrate has a thickness from 2 to 10 millimeter and forms at least half of the thickness of the floor panel. The substrate is a polyurethane-based substrate and the transparent thermoplastic layer is polyurethane-based. The floor panel has a length of more than 1.1 meters and has a plurality of reinforcing layers situated outside the center line of the substrate. A reinforcing layer may be provided in combination with the substrate and the top layer.

A floor may include a substrate having a top side and a bottom side. A top layer may be provided on the substrate. The top layer may consist of a printed thermoplastic film and a thermoplastic transparent or translucent layer provided on the printed thermoplastic film. The top layer may be directly adhered to the substrate by heat welding the printed thermoplastic film and the top side of the substrate, in the absence of a glue layer. The substrate may be a synthetic material board including a filler. The substrate at least at two opposite edges may include coupling means provided in the synthetic material board. The thermoplastic transparent or translucent layer may be provided with a structure.

A floor may include a substrate having a top side and a bottom side. A top layer may be provided on the substrate. The top layer may consist of a printed thermoplastic film and a thermoplastic transparent or translucent layer provided on the printed thermoplastic film. The top layer may be directly adhered to the substrate by heat welding the printed thermoplastic film and the top side of the substrate, in the absence of a glue layer. The substrate may be a synthetic material board including a filler. The substrate at least at two opposite edges may include coupling means provided in the synthetic material board. The thermoplastic transparent or translucent layer may be provided with a structure.