Actuators (artificial muscles) comprising twist-spun nanofiber yarn or twist-inserted polymer fibers generate torsional actuation when powered electrically, photonically, chemically, thermally, by absorption, or by other means. These artificial muscles utilize coiled yarns/polymer fibers and can be either neat or comprising a guest. In some embodiments, the actuator system includes a twisted and coiled polymer fiber actuator, and at least one of (i) wire connections that enable electrical heating of the twisted and coiled polymer fiber actuator, (ii) a radiation source and radiation pathway that enables photothermal heating of the twisted and coiled polymer fiber actuator, and (iii) a delivery system for delivering chemicals whose reaction produces heating of the twisted and coiled polymer fiber actuator.

Cooling by a twist-untwist process, by a stretch-release process for twisted, coiled, or supercoiled yarns or fibers, and methods and systems thereof. High mechanocaloric cooling results from release of inserted twist or from stretch release for twisted, coiled, or supercoiled fibers, including natural rubber fibers, NiTi wires, and polyethylene fishing line. Twist utilization can increase cooling and cooling efficiencies. A cooler using twist insertion and release can be shorter and smaller in volume than a cooler that requires a large elastomeric elongation. The cooler system can be utilized in mechanochromic textiles and remotely readable tensile and torsional sensors.

A material for porous metal body having a coil shape of a wire material wound in a helical shape, made of metal which having good thermal conductivity and can join by sintering; an average wire diameter Dw of the wire material is 0.05 mm to 2.00 mm inclusive, an average coil outer diameter Dc is 0.5 mm to 10.0 mm inclusive, a coil length L of 1 mm to 20 mm inclusive, and a winding number N is 1 to 10; and the plurality of materials for porous metal body are combined and sintered to form a metal porous body having a plurality of pores so that a pore ratio of the metal porous body is facilitated to be controlled.

A nanocomposite for the reverse storage of hydrogen based on monolayer sheets of polycrystalline or monocrystalline grapheme having a form of a cylindrical spiral roll of polycrystalline or monocrystalline graphene with a preferably constant spacing in the range from 0.2 to 2 nm, whereby the said spiral roll of polycrystalline graphene has grains with a minimum diameter of 50 nm.

Actuators (artificial muscles) comprising twist-spun nanofiber yarn or twist-inserted polymer fibers generate torsional actuation when powered electrically, photonically, chemically, thermally, by absorption, or by other means. These artificial muscles utilize coiled yarns/polymer fibers and can be either neat or comprising a guest. In some embodiments, the actuator system includes a twisted and coiled polymer fiber actuator, and at least one of (i) wire connections that enable electrical heating of the twisted and coiled polymer fiber actuator, (ii) a radiation source and radiation pathway that enables photothermal heating of the twisted and coiled polymer fiber actuator, and (iii) a delivery system for delivering chemicals whose reaction produces heating of the twisted and coiled polymer fiber actuator.

Actuators (artificial muscles) comprising twist-spun nanofiber twist-inserted polymer fibers generate tensile actuation when powered electrically, photonically, chemically, thermally, by absorption, or by other means. These artificial muscles utilize coiled polymer fibers and can be either neat or comprising a guest. In some embodiments, the coiled polymer fibers actuator can be incorporated into an article, such as a textile, braid, clothing, smart packaging, or a mechanical system, and the coiled polymer fiber in the coiled polymer fiber actuator can have a stroke amplification factor of 5 or greater.

Described herein are anodized continuous coils containing a thin anodized film layer and systems and methods for making and using the same. The anodized continuous coils include an aluminum alloy continuous coil, wherein a surface of the aluminum alloy continuous coil comprises a thin anodized film layer and a chemical additive layer. The thin anodized film layer can be a dielectric for electronic device applications.

Described herein are anodized continuous coils containing a thin anodized film layer and methods for making and using the same. The anodized continuous coils include an aluminum alloy continuous coil, wherein a surface of the aluminum alloy continuous coil comprises a thin anodized film layer. The anodized continuous coils maintain the anodized film layer during deforming processes.

Actuators (artificial muscles) comprising twist-spun nanofiber yarn or twist-inserted polymer fibers generate torsional actuation when powered electrically, photonically, chemically, thermally, by absorption, or by other means. These artificial muscles utilize coiled yarns/polymer fibers and can be either neat or comprising a guest. In some embodiments, the torsional fiber actuator includes a first polymer fiber (exhibiting a first polymer fiber diameter) and a torsional return spring in communication with the first polymer fiber. The first polymer fiber is configured to include a first plurality of twists in a first direction to produce a twisted polymer fiber. The first polymer fiber is further configured to include a plurality of coils in the twisted polymer fiber in a second direction each coil having a mean coil diameter. In some embodiments, the torsional nanofiber actuator includes a first carbon nanofiber yarn (having a yarn diameter) and a torsional return spring in communication with the first carbon nanofiber yarn. The first carbon nanofiber yarn includes a plurality of twists in a first direction to produce a twisted carbon nanofiber yarn. The first carbon nanofiber yarn further includes a plurality of coils in the twisted carbon nanofiber yarn, with each coil having a mean coil diameter greater than the yarn diameter.

A powder composition including a resin and from 5% to 70%, by weight based on powder composition weight, of a corrosion-inhibiting pigment, optionally including from 0% to 65%, by weight based on powder composition weight, zinc, the composition being substantially free from pigment providing a metallic effect is provided. The corrosion-inhibiting pigment may be present in amounts of up to 50%, by weight based on powder composition weight, for example, up to 35%. A method for coating a substrate with the powder composition and the coated substrate so formed are also provided.