Methods, devices, and systems induce neuromodulation by focusing a source of stimulation through a skull/brain interface in the form of an aperture formed in the skull, a naturally occurring fenestration in the skull, or a transcranial channel. Methods, devices, and systems identify where to locate skull/brain interfaces, accessories that can be used with the interfaces, and features for controlling stimulation delivered through the interfaces. Multiple indications for the skull/brain interfaces include diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders and conditions such as epilepsy, movement disorders, depression, Alzheimer's disease, autism, coma, and pain.

A patch having at least first and second parts is applied to the skin to prepare the skin for a transdermal device to be applied subsequently. The second part defines the area of the skin in which the required preparation process should be carried out, either by removal of a third part to form an opening in the second part or by providing preparation means such as microneedles on the underside of the second part. The second part is then removed to leave the first part adhered to the skin, which can be used as a guide for correctly locating the transdermal device so that the working area of the device and the prepared area of the skin are in alignment.

A content reproduction apparatus includes a storage unit storing a plurality of content files and performs treatments by playing the content files stored in the storage unit. The content reproduction apparatus also includes a treatment setting unit configured to set a treatment based on a treatment condition input by a user; a content file obtaining unit configured to obtain, from the storage unit, a content file corresponding to the treatment set by the treatment setting unit; and an edit-and-output unit configured to play the content file obtained by the content file obtaining unit or the content file edited according to an instruction of the user.

A method for the treatment of teeth which comprises enhancing transport of substances through the tooth enamel by generating a gaseous plasma in proximity to the tooth.

Methods and apparatus are provided for applying an fragment of a neurotoxin such as the active light chain (LC) of the botulinum toxin (BoNT), such as one of the serotype A, B, C, D, E, F or G botulinum toxins, via permeabilization of targeted cell membranes to enable translocation of the botulinum neurotoxin light chain (BoNT-LC) molecule across the targeted cell membrane to the cell cytosol where a therapeutic response is produced in a mammalian system. The methods and apparatus include use of catheter based delivery systems, non-invasive delivery systems, and transdermal delivery systems.

Methods and related systems for modulating neural activity by cyclically modulating neural activity in peripheral neural structures are disclosed. Neural activity may be modulated cyclically by stimuli delivered via various types of stimulus sources. In an aspect, activity of a sensory nerve is modulated. Neural modulation may be used, for example, to modulate an undesired sensation, such as pain, or an immune or inflammatory response or process. Delivery of stimuli for modulating neural activity may be controlled in part in response to an input from a user input device.

Disclosed herein are formulations of dexamethasone or a prodrug thereof suitable for delivery by ocular iontophoresis and methods of use thereof.

An ophthalmological device for the treatment of keratoconus includes a cylindrical reservoir made of a non-conductive material, open at the top and bottom, and formed by two telescopically engaged portions, a lower one open at the bottom and connected to a cylindrical chamber of smaller diameter, also open at the bottom and formed by an external annular chamber that is concentrically arranged around the chamber and is closed at the top, open at the bottom, and adapted to be placed on the eye; a first metallic conductor, housed in the container and connected to a terminal of a DC voltage generator, to the other terminal of which a second metallic conductor is connected; a first conduit provided with a closing device, one end of the first conduit flowing into the annular reservoir, the other end being located externally thereto, whereby vacuum may be applied through the first conduit; and a second conduit provided with a closing device, one end of the second conduit passing through the annular reservoir at its lower edge and flowing into the container, the other end being located externally to the annular reservoir. During irradiation, a hydrating solution is administered from above through the metallic conductor that touches the eye and is released through the conduit to avoid the excessive absorption of incident energy by the hydrating solution while maintaining a minimum thickness and constant hydrating solution on the ocular surface.

Embodiments of the invention provide methods for the transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents for the treatment of addictive cravings e.g., nicotine compounds for the treatment of nicotine cravings from tobacco use. An embodiment of a method for such delivery comprises positioning at least one electrode assembly in electrical communication with a patient's skin. The assembly includes a solution comprising a therapeutic agent which passively diffuses into the skin. A dose of agent is delivered from the assembly into the skin during a first period using a first current having a characteristic e.g., polarity and magnitude, to repel the agent out of the assembly. During a second period, a second current having a characteristic to attract the agent is used to retain the agent in the assembly such that delivery of agent into skin is minimized. A dose of agent may be delivered on demand by an input from the patient.

One subject of the invention is an article for cosmetic treatment of a body area with an electric current, comprising a support (50) comprising an electrode (1) and a counter electrode (2), said electrode and counter electrode being separated from one another by a space comprising an electrically insulating zone (3) made of a polymeric material.