A catheter system (100) for treating a treatment site (106) within or adjacent to a vessel wall (108) or heart valve includes a balloon (104) having a balloon length (204L). The balloon (104) is configured to be movable between an inflated state (135) and a deflated state. The balloon (104) includes (i) a balloon proximal region (250), (ii) a balloon distal region (254), and (iii) a balloon transition region (252). The balloon proximal region (250) has a balloon proximal end (204P) and a substantially constant balloon proximal region diameter (256) while the balloon (104) is in the inflated state (135). The balloon distal region (254) has a balloon distal end (104D), and a substantially constant balloon distal region diameter (262) while the balloon (104) is in the inflated state (135). The balloon distal region diameter (262) is different than the balloon proximal region diameter (256). The balloon transition region (252) has a balloon transition region diameter (260) that varies. The balloon transition region (252) is positioned between the balloon proximal region (250) and the balloon distal region (254).

The present disclosure provides medical devices and techniques for enhancing formation of vapor bubbles by laser energy in a liquid medium. In particular, the present disclosure is directed at a liquid medium with a tendency to develop and/or sustain a gaseous state in the presence of laser energy and a system to both irrigate a treatment site with the liquid medium and irradiate a target in the liquid medium.

A catheter system (100) for treating a vascular lesion (106) within or adjacent to a heart valve (108) within a body (107) of a patient (109), includes an energy source (124), and a plurality of spaced apart treatment devices (143). The energy source (124) generates energy. Each treatment device (143) includes (i) a balloon (104) that is positionable substantially adjacent to the vascular lesion (106), the balloon (104) having a balloon wall (130) that defines a balloon interior (146), the balloon (104) being configured to retain a balloon fluid (132) within the balloon interior (146); and (ii) at least one of a plurality of energy guides (122A) that receive energy from the energy source (124) so that plasma (134) is formed in the balloon fluid (132) within the balloon interior (146).

A catheter system for treating a vascular lesion within or adjacent to a vessel wall within a body of a patient includes a single light source that generates light energy, a first light guide and a second light guide, and a multiplexer. The first light guide and the second light guide are each configured to selectively receive light energy from the light source. The multiplexer receives the light energy from the light source in the form of a source beam and selectively directs the light energy from the light source in the form of individual guide beams to each of the first light guide and the second light guide.

A catheter system for treating a treatment site within or adjacent to a vessel wall or a heart valve includes an energy source, a balloon, an energy guide, and an electrical analyzer assembly. The energy source generates energy. The balloon is positionable substantially adjacent to the treatment site. The balloon has a balloon wall that defines a balloon interior that receives a balloon fluid. The energy guide is configured to receive energy from the energy source and guide the energy into the balloon interior. The electrical analyzer assembly is configured to monitor a balloon condition during use of the catheter system. The electrical analyzer assembly can include a first electrode, a second electrode, and an impedance detector that is electrically coupled to the first electrode and the second electrode. The impedance detector is configured to detect impedance between the first electrode and the second electrode.

A method treating a root canal in a tooth by introducing into the pulp chamber of a tooth and pulsing a laser light into the fluid reservoir so as to disintegrate pulp within the root canal without generation of any significant heat in said liquid fluid so as to avoid elevating the temperature of any of the dentin, tooth, or other adjacent tissue more than about 5° C.

A method treating a root canal in a tooth by introducing into the pulp chamber of a tooth and pulsing a laser light into the fluid reservoir so as to disintegrate pulp within the root canal without generation of any significant heat in said liquid fluid so as to avoid elevating the temperature of any of the dentin, tooth, or other adjacent tissue more than about 5° C.

A system and method for detecting relative location of a surgical laser fiber tip relative to a surgical laser target during a surgical laser procedure utilizes a spectrophotometer to detect radiation indicative of the relative location. For example, the detected radiation may indicate contact between the fiber tip and a stone being subjected to laser lithotripsy, so as to prompt the surgeon to withdraw the fiber tip from the stone and/or take other action to limit contact-induced erosion of the fiber tip, and to avoid saturation of the endoscope camera resulting from the flash that occurs following contact. In addition, the absence of any detected radiation by the spectrophotometer may be used to indicate that the stone is no longer present, or that the fiber tip is no longer aimed at the stone, prompting the operator to reposition the fiber and/or temporarily cease firing of the laser. The main surgical laser may be a pulsed Holmium laser, which is delivered to the target through the optical fiber together with a pulsed 532 nm aiming beam.

A catheter system for treating a treatment site includes an energy source, a balloon, an energy guide, and a pressure sensor. The balloon is positionable substantially adjacent to the treatment site. The balloon has a balloon wall that defines a balloon interior that receives a balloon fluid. The energy source generates energy that is received by the energy guide so that the energy guide can guide the light energy into the balloon interior. The pressure sensor senses a balloon pressure of the balloon fluid. A method for disrupting calcification at the treatment site includes the steps of generating energy with an energy source, positioning a balloon substantially adjacent to the treatment site, the balloon having a balloon wall that defines a balloon interior, the balloon interior being configured to receive a balloon fluid, receiving energy from the energy source with an energy guide, guiding the energy from the energy source into the balloon interior with the energy guide; and sensing a balloon pressure of the balloon fluid with a pressure sensor.

A catheter system for treating a vascular lesion within or adjacent to a vessel wall includes an energy source, a plurality of energy guides and a system controller. The energy source generates energy. The plurality of energy guides receive energy from the energy source. The system controller controls the energy source so that the energy is sequentially directed to each of the plurality of energy guides in an advancing wavefront. The system controller controls a firing rate of the energy source to each of the plurality of energy guides. The system controller can control a firing sequence to the plurality of energy guides so that the advancing wavefront is generated toward the vascular lesion from near the balloon proximal end and from near the balloon distal end. The system controller can control the energy source so that light energy from the energy source is alternatively directed to at least two of the plurality of energy guides at a different firing energy level from one another. The energy level can be based on pulse width, wavelength and/or amplitude of the energy pulse(s).