The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods useful for treating pulmonary disorders, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOD), or any other respiratory diseases comprising 2-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives of the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Administration of a 2-hydroxybenzoic acid derivative of formula (I) significantly alleviates airway tissue damage and inflammation in animal models of asthma and COPD.

Described herein are Mpro cysteine protease inhibitors and methods of utilizing such inhibitors in the treatment of diseases, disorders, or conditions. Also described herein are pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.

Described herein are Mpro cysteine protease inhibitors and methods of utilizing such inhibitors in the treatment of diseases, disorders, or conditions. Also described herein are pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.

A microneedle applicator is provided. A microneedle applicator according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a microneedle array; an operation member disposed on the upper portion of the microneedle array and operating such that a user applies an external force so as to insert a microneedle into skin; a housing for accommodating the microneedle array and the operation member; a first guide member disposed in at least one position on a lateral portion of the operation member or on a lateral portion of an interworking member of the operation member; and a second guide member which is disposed on the inner surface of the housing in a position corresponding to the first guide member so as to be engaged with the first guide member, and allows the first guide member to slide so as to prevent the microneedle array from rotating or horizontally distorting when the microneedle array uniformly vertically descends due to the external force.

Methods for generating human committed midbrain neural stem cells (NSCs) and midbrain neural progenitor cells (midbrain NPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells are provided using chemically-defined culture media that allow for generation of the midbrain NPCs in as little as six days. The midbrain NPCs can be further differentiated to mature dopaminergic neurons. Culture media, isolated cell populations and kits are also provided.

Methods for generating human committed midbrain neural stem cells (NSCs) and midbrain neural progenitor cells (midbrain NPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells are provided using chemically-defined culture media that allow for generation of the midbrain NPCs in as little as six days. The midbrain NPCs can be further differentiated to mature dopaminergic neurons. Culture media, isolated cell populations and kits are also provided.

This invention provides a composition comprising the compound having the structure:

##STR00001##

ethyl 2-[.sup.19F]F-4-nitrobenzoate, and at least one acceptable carrier.

This invention also provides a method of detecting the presence of or location of bacteria cells in a subject which comprises determining if an amount of the compound or determining where an amount of the compound having the structure:

##STR00002##

is present in the subject at a period of time after administration of the compound or salt thereof to the subject, thereby detecting the presence of or location of the bacteria cells based on the amount of the compound determined to be present in the subject or detecting the location of the bacteria cells based on the location of the compound determined to be present in the subject.

This invention provides a composition comprising the compound having the structure:

##STR00001##

ethyl 2-[.sup.19F]F-4-nitrobenzoate, and at least one acceptable carrier.

This invention also provides a method of detecting the presence of or location of bacteria cells in a subject which comprises determining if an amount of the compound or determining where an amount of the compound having the structure:

##STR00002##

is present in the subject at a period of time after administration of the compound or salt thereof to the subject, thereby detecting the presence of or location of the bacteria cells based on the amount of the compound determined to be present in the subject or detecting the location of the bacteria cells based on the location of the compound determined to be present in the subject.

The present disclosure relates, in part, to methods of treating, ameliorating, shortening duration, and/or reversing at least one symptom and/or complication in a human subject with a coronavirus infection with camostat, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. The present disclosure further relates to a method of preventing and/or reducing the occurrence of long COVID, and/or a symptom and/or complication thereof, hospitalization, and/or death in a human subject with a SARS-CoV-2 infection with camostat, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In certain embodiments, the camostat salt is camostat mesylate.

The present disclosure relates, in part, to methods of treating, ameliorating, shortening duration, and/or reversing at least one symptom and/or complication in a human subject with a coronavirus infection with camostat, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. The present disclosure further relates to a method of preventing and/or reducing the occurrence of long COVID, and/or a symptom and/or complication thereof, hospitalization, and/or death in a human subject with a SARS-CoV-2 infection with camostat, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In certain embodiments, the camostat salt is camostat mesylate.