Methods for reducing the glycation of nutrient and endogenous proteins and methods for reducing the peroxidation of nutrient and endogenous lipids are provided herein. Several inhibitors and conditions of inhibiting glycation of nutrient and endogenous proteins and peroxidation of nutrient and endogenous lipids are also provided herein. Also provided are the methods for inhibiting and treating the conditions associated with the formation of glycated proteins, such as Alzheimer's disease, neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy and the methods for inhibiting and treating the conditions associated with the formation of peroxidized lipids, such as cancer and atherosclerosis.

Methods for reducing the glycation of nutrient and endogenous proteins and methods for reducing the peroxidation of nutrient and endogenous lipids are provided herein. Several inhibitors and conditions of inhibiting glycation of nutrient and endogenous proteins and peroxidation of nutrient and endogenous lipids are also provided herein. Also provided are the methods for inhibiting and treating the conditions associated with the formation of glycated proteins, such as Alzheimer's disease, neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy and the methods for inhibiting and treating the conditions associated with the formation of peroxidized lipids, such as cancer and atherosclerosis.

Methods for reducing the glycation of nutrient and endogenous proteins and methods for reducing the peroxidation of nutrient and endogenous lipids are provided herein. Several inhibitors and conditions of inhibiting glycation of nutrient and endogenous proteins and peroxidation of nutrient and endogenous lipids are also provided herein. Also provided are the methods for inhibiting and treating the conditions associated with the formation of glycated proteins, such as Alzheimer's disease, neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy and the methods for inhibiting and treating the conditions associated with the formation of peroxidized lipids, such as cancer and atherosclerosis.

Provided herein are compositions, formulations, kits, and methods for improving or modifying cognitive performance in an individual having normal-age related cognitive decline. The composition can include an amount of a blueberry extract, L-carnosine, a green tea extract, vitamin D.sub.3, and a grape extract. The composition can be included in a pharmaceutical formulation and be administered to a subject having normal-age related cognitive decline according to a dosing regimen.

Provided herein are compositions, formulations, kits, and methods for improving or modifying cognitive performance in an individual having normal-age related cognitive decline. The composition can include an amount of a blueberry extract, L-carnosine, a green tea extract, vitamin D.sub.3, and a grape extract. The composition can be included in a pharmaceutical formulation and be administered to a subject having normal-age related cognitive decline according to a dosing regimen.

Provided herein are compositions, formulations, kits, and methods for improving or modifying cognitive performance in an individual having normal-age related cognitive decline. The composition can include an amount of a blueberry extract, L-carnosine, a green tea extract, vitamin D.sub.3, and a grape extract. The composition can be included in a pharmaceutical formulation and be administered to a subject having normal-age related cognitive decline according to a dosing regimen.

Methods of treating or preventing microbial infection in a subject in need of treatment by administering a therapeutically effective amount of ergothioneine, or functional analog, or prodrug, or salt thereof. Ergothioneine may be advantageously administered in conjunction with lactoferrin.

Methods of treating or preventing microbial infection in a subject in need of treatment by administering a therapeutically effective amount of ergothioneine, or functional analog, or prodrug, or salt thereof. Ergothioneine may be advantageously administered in conjunction with lactoferrin.

Improved methods of causing vasodilation in a human subject are disclosed. In one implementation, the human subject is administered a dose of a nitrate salt of arginine, norvaline, or ornithine, wherein the dose of the nitrate salt of the amino acid in moles of the amino acid is less than a molar amount of the amino acid needed to cause vasodilation in the human subject. In another implementation, the human subject is administered a composition comprising a dose of a nitrate salt and an amount of an amino acid, wherein the dose of the nitrate salt in the composition in moles of the nitrate salt is less than a molar amount of the nitrate salt that needs be administered alone in order to induce vasodilation in the human subject. The amino acid in the composition is selected from the group consisting of: arginine, citrulline, creatine, glutamine, leucine, norvaline, and ornithine.

The invention relates to stabilised solid pharmaceutical compositions comprising a GLP-1 agonist. The invention further relates to processes for the preparation of such compositions, and their use in medicine.