The present invention relates to novel compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds. The compounds provided herein can act as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP4 receptor antagonists, which renders them highly advantageous for use in therapy, particularly in the treatment or prevention of cancer, a neovascular eye disease, inflammatory pain, or an inflammatory disease, such as, e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis or endometriosis.

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The present invention relates to novel compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds. The compounds provided herein can act as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP4 receptor antagonists, which renders them highly advantageous for use in therapy, particularly in the treatment or prevention of cancer, a neovascular eye disease, inflammatory pain, or an inflammatory disease, such as, e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis or endometriosis.

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Methods and compositions are provided for treatment of chronic liver diseases such as NASH, for example, in order to slow disease progression, and reduce portal-systemic shunting. Methods comprising cholate liver function tests and administration of a statin and a biguanide are provided. Compositions comprising a statin and a biguanide are also provided.

Methods and compositions are provided for treatment of chronic liver diseases such as NASH, for example, in order to slow disease progression, and reduce portal-systemic shunting. Methods comprising cholate liver function tests and administration of a statin and a biguanide are provided. Compositions comprising a statin and a biguanide are also provided.

The disclosure provides a method comprising administering HIF stabilizing small molecule drugs to premature infants, whose survival is dependent upon mechanical ventilation and/or supplemental oxygen, to counteract the pathological effects of hyperoxia on lung development. Data in a mouse model of hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung disease supports a treatment with a HIF stabilizer during high oxygen exposure protects the lung. HIF stabilizers can be administered via various routes, including in an aerosolized state using a ventilator, intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection.

The disclosure provides a method comprising administering HIF stabilizing small molecule drugs to premature infants, whose survival is dependent upon mechanical ventilation and/or supplemental oxygen, to counteract the pathological effects of hyperoxia on lung development. Data in a mouse model of hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung disease supports a treatment with a HIF stabilizer during high oxygen exposure protects the lung. HIF stabilizers can be administered via various routes, including in an aerosolized state using a ventilator, intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection.

A method of treating or preventing vascular calcification in a patient by administering L-ascorbic acid or ascorbate to the patient and a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one statin and L-ascorbic acid or ascorbate in a dosage form that allows for the concomitant administering of the at least one statin and L-ascorbic acid or ascorbate to a patient.

A method of treating or preventing vascular calcification in a patient by administering L-ascorbic acid or ascorbate to the patient and a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one statin and L-ascorbic acid or ascorbate in a dosage form that allows for the concomitant administering of the at least one statin and L-ascorbic acid or ascorbate to a patient.

Disclosed in the present invention are a heterocyclic compound, an application thereof and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same. Provided by the present invention are a heterocyclic compound represented by formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compound has a novel structure and a good inhibitory activity against autotaxin (ATX). ##STR00001##

Disclosed in the present invention are a heterocyclic compound, an application thereof and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same. Provided by the present invention are a heterocyclic compound represented by formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compound has a novel structure and a good inhibitory activity against autotaxin (ATX). ##STR00001##