Provided are methods for preventing and/or treating oral diseases, disorders, and/or conditions. In some embodiments, the methods relate to administering to the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof a composition that includes an effective amount of ginger-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GELNs) or a biologically active component thereof. Also provided are methods for preventing and/or treating periodontitis, methods for reducing growth of and/or pathogenicity of microorganisms in the oral cavities of subjects, methods for reducing microorganismal motility, and methods for reducing bone loss in the oral cavities of subjects associated with infection with microorganisms. Also provided are compositions that can be employed in the disclosed methods.

Provided are a complex that comprises a nucleic acid-containing nanoparticle and a hollow particle of a non-enveloped virus, a method for producing the complex, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the complex.

Disclosed herein are methods for treating osteoarthritis may be a one-step arthroscopic procedure and may include detaching synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the synovium using a brush device; covering articular cartilage in an affected joint with a scaffold; and placing concentrated MSC exosomes into the affected joint to stimulate differentiation of synovial MSCs into articular cartilage cells.

Disclosed herein are compositions and methods with enhanced capability to control blood sugar levels. The compositions are loaded in a nanocarrier for oral drug delivery. The composition comprises a first vector and a second vector. The first vector encodes one or more mRNAs. The one or more mRNAs encode a peptide with GLP-1 activity and are labeled with one or more capsid protein tags. The second vector encodes one or more capsid proteins. The one or more capsid proteins bind to the one or more capsid protein tags on the one or more mRNAs.

Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are recombinant Arc and endogenous Gag polypeptides, and methods of using recombinant Arc and endogenous Gag polypeptides.

Compositions and methods for treating infectious disease. The composition includes a particle selected from the group consisting of liposome, extracellular vesicle, solid lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles; a miRNA; and an antibiotic, wherein the particle is loaded with at least one of the miRNA and the antibiotic.

The invention provides improved methods, compositions, uses and kits relating to exosomes isolated from cells and therapeutic compositions and methods of using those exosomes. In one embodiment, the exosomes are loaded with one or more molecules to provide a desired therapeutic effect.

Described herein are compositions and techniques related to generation and therapeutic application of artificial synapses. Artificial synapses are engineered extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, which incorporate sticky binders on their surface to anchor signaling domains against biological targets, such as receptors. These engineered additives can be organized in genetic vector constructs, expressed in mammalian cells, wherein the sticky binders attach to extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, thereby presenting their joined signaling domains which are rapidly taken up by recipient cells. Artificial synapses adopt the hallmark biophysical and biochemical features of extracellular vesicles, allowing for rapid deployment and scale-up. Importantly, this strategy can allow for kinetically favorable signal generation and signal propagation. This includes, for example, increasing density of agonist presentation to support receptor clustering—an onerous barrier for traditional receptor targeting strategies.

Methods of making neuronal stem cells and exosomes of diencephalon lineage are disclosed. Also provided are compositions comprising neuronal stem cells or exosomes of diencephalon lineage, which may be formulated as pharmaceutical formulations for the treatment and prevention of disorders associated with the neuroendocrine system and the control of behavioral and physiological processes.

Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are recombinant Arc and endogenous Gag polypeptides, and methods of using recombinant Arc and endogenous Gag polypeptides.