During clinical trials on patients suffering from neurological disorders, it has been observed that some patients obtain dramatic improvements in motor control and/or higher mental functioning, when they receive a combination of dextromethorphan and quinidine, at suitable dosages. Improved motor control has been exemplified to date by improved ability to swallow and/or speak, among victims of stroke, head injury, or ALS. Improved higher mental functioning has been exemplified in better job performance, increased ability to analyze and solve problems, and increased ability to have successful and satisfying interactions with other people. These types of effects can be seen in a relatively brief time period, such as within several days to a week.

During clinical trials on patients suffering from neurological disorders, it has been observed that some patients obtain dramatic improvements in motor control and/or higher mental functioning, when they receive a combination of dextromethorphan and quinidine, at suitable dosages. Improved motor control has been exemplified to date by improved ability to swallow and/or speak, among victims of stroke, head injury, or ALS. Improved higher mental functioning has been exemplified in better job performance, increased ability to analyze and solve problems, and increased ability to have successful and satisfying interactions with other people. These types of effects can be seen in a relatively brief time period, such as within several days to a week.

Described herein are compositions and methods for treating cancer of a body cavity, specifically urinary tract cancer, by way of a combination of at least two immunomodulatory agents, wherein one or more of the therapeutic agents are embedded in, and slowly released from, a biocompatible hydrogel composition.

Described herein are compositions and methods for treating cancer of a body cavity, specifically urinary tract cancer, by way of a combination of at least two immunomodulatory agents, wherein one or more of the therapeutic agents are embedded in, and slowly released from, a biocompatible hydrogel composition.

Described herein are compositions and methods for treating cancer of a body cavity, specifically urinary tract cancer, by way of a combination of at least two immunomodulatory agents, wherein one or more of the therapeutic agents are embedded in, and slowly released from, a biocompatible hydrogel composition.

Compositions and methods for selective mTOR inhibition and/or increase of autophagy in a tissue of a subject have been developed for the treatment of cancer. Caged mTOR inhibitor prodrugs including photo-cleavable protecting groups are provided for selective chemotherapy through an optochemical treatment system. Pharmaceutical compositions of mTOR inhibitors that are deactivated (caged) with a photo-removable protecting group to controllably block the inhibitory activity of the inhibitor are provided. The photo-removable group is cleavable upon exposure to light irradiation, releasing the active inhibitor of mTOR signaling and autophagy at the site of irradiation. An exemplary caged mTOR inhibitor prodrug is a caged OSI-027 prodrug having a DEACM moiety bound thereto (cOSI-027). The cOSI-027 is activated in the region of a tumor by removal of the DEACM protecting group by exposure to light at 420 nm.

Compositions and methods for selective mTOR inhibition and/or increase of autophagy in a tissue of a subject have been developed for the treatment of cancer. Caged mTOR inhibitor prodrugs including photo-cleavable protecting groups are provided for selective chemotherapy through an optochemical treatment system. Pharmaceutical compositions of mTOR inhibitors that are deactivated (caged) with a photo-removable protecting group to controllably block the inhibitory activity of the inhibitor are provided. The photo-removable group is cleavable upon exposure to light irradiation, releasing the active inhibitor of mTOR signaling and autophagy at the site of irradiation. An exemplary caged mTOR inhibitor prodrug is a caged OSI-027 prodrug having a DEACM moiety bound thereto (cOSI-027). The cOSI-027 is activated in the region of a tumor by removal of the DEACM protecting group by exposure to light at 420 nm.

Disclosed herein, inter alia, are compositions and methods of modulating macrophage activity. Provided is a method of treating a disease (e.g., a macrophage-associated disease, autoimmune disease, inflammatory disease, or a cancer of an organ in the intraperitoneal cavity), the method including intraperitoneally administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a nanoparticle composition or pharmaceutical composition. Provided is a silica nanoparticle non-covalently bound to a plurality of nucleic acids, wherein the silica nanoparticle has a net positive charge in the absence of the plurality of nucleic acids. Provided is a pharmaceutical composition including a nanoparticle composition as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

To provide a method for treating cancer using a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound or a salt thereof. The present invention provides an antitumor agent comprising a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound of formula (I) wherein X, Y, Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, Z.sub.3, Z.sub.4, W, n, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 have meanings as defined in the present specification, or a salt thereof and other antitumor agent(s) for combined administration.

To provide a method for treating cancer using a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound or a salt thereof. The present invention provides an antitumor agent comprising a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound of formula (I) wherein X, Y, Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, Z.sub.3, Z.sub.4, W, n, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 have meanings as defined in the present specification, or a salt thereof and other antitumor agent(s) for combined administration.