An oral or injectable pharmaceutical composition is provided for treating diseases caused by retroviruses or hepatitis B viruses. The composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of at least one anti-retroviral drug and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one pharmacokinetic booster or enhancer or derivative thereof. Methods and kits are also provided.

An oral or injectable pharmaceutical composition is provided for treating diseases caused by retroviruses or hepatitis B viruses. The composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of at least one anti-retroviral drug and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one pharmacokinetic booster or enhancer or derivative thereof. Methods and kits are also provided.

The present invention relates to the use of serotonergic compounds for the treatment of virus-induced thrombocytopenia. More particularly, the invention relates to methods of treating thrombocytopenia by blocking serotonin activity. For example, inhibitors of receptor 5HT2A and/or receptor 5HT1A and/or inhibitors of mast cell degranulation and/or inhibitors of serotonin uptake may be used. Preferably, the thrombocytopenia is induced by dengue or Japanese Encephalitis virus, and the inhibitors are preferably ketanserin, WAY-100135, sarpogrelate, or fluoxetine.

The present invention relates to the use of serotonergic compounds for the treatment of virus-induced thrombocytopenia. More particularly, the invention relates to methods of treating thrombocytopenia by blocking serotonin activity. For example, inhibitors of receptor 5HT2A and/or receptor 5HT1A and/or inhibitors of mast cell degranulation and/or inhibitors of serotonin uptake may be used. Preferably, the thrombocytopenia is induced by dengue or Japanese Encephalitis virus, and the inhibitors are preferably ketanserin, WAY-100135, sarpogrelate, or fluoxetine.

N-substituted sulfonylphenyl-5-mitrofuranyl-2-carboxamide derived compounds, which selectively activate the apoptotic, but not the adaptive arm, of the Unfolded Protein Response are provided as is their use in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, hemophilia, lysosomal storage diseases and cancer.

N-substituted sulfonylphenyl-5-mitrofuranyl-2-carboxamide derived compounds, which selectively activate the apoptotic, but not the adaptive arm, of the Unfolded Protein Response are provided as is their use in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, hemophilia, lysosomal storage diseases and cancer.

Methods for prophylactically treating a stress-induced affective disorder or stress-induced psychopathology in a subject are provided. Also provided are methods for inducing and/or enhancing stress resilience in a subject. In certain embodiments, an effective amount of an agonist of the serotonin 4 receptor (5-HT.sub.4R), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, is administered to a subject prior to a stressor.

Methods for prophylactically treating a stress-induced affective disorder or stress-induced psychopathology in a subject are provided. Also provided are methods for inducing and/or enhancing stress resilience in a subject. In certain embodiments, an effective amount of an agonist of the serotonin 4 receptor (5-HT.sub.4R), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, is administered to a subject prior to a stressor.

Methods for prophylactically treating a stress-induced affective disorder or stress-induced psychopathology in a subject are provided. Also provided are methods for inducing and/or enhancing stress resilience in a subject. In certain embodiments, an effective amount of an agonist of the serotonin 4 receptor (5-HT.sub.4R), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, is administered to a subject prior to a stressor.

The present invention provides compounds of the formula (I)

##STR00001## wherein: X.sub.1, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 are heteroatoms; R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.3, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from H, halo, —OH, —NO.sub.2, —CN and optionally substituted aliphatic, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl; and Z is optionally substituted C.sub.1-8 straight-chained or branched aliphatic, optionally containing 1 or more double or triple bonds, wherein one or more carbons are optionally replaced by R* wherein R* is optionally substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl; an amino acid residue, H, —CN, —C(O)—, —C(O)C(O)—, —C(O)NR.sup.1—, —C(O)NR.sup.1NR.sup.2—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —NR.sup.1CO.sub.2—, —O—, —NR.sup.1C(O)NR.sup.2—, —OC(O)NR.sup.1—, —NR.sup.1NR.sup.2—, —NR.sup.1C(O)—, —S—, —SO—, —SO.sub.2—, —NR.sup.1—, —SO.sub.2NR.sup.1—, —NR.sup.1R.sup.2, or —NR.sup.1SO.sub.2—, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from H and optionally substituted aliphatic, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl; or where R* is NR.sup.1R.sup.2, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 optionally together with the nitrogen atom form an optionally substituted 5-12 membered ring, said ring optionally comprising 1 or more heteroatoms or a group selected from —CO—, —SO—, —SO.sub.2— and —PO—; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof.