A sewage treatment machine comprising: a closed container inside which the liquid to be treated is brought to boil; a vacuum-generating apparatus, which is adapted to maintain the inside of the closed container at a given pressure having a value lower than the environmental/external pressure; a heat-pump assembly which is associated to the closed container so as to be able to transfer heat to the liquid present on the bottom of the closed container, thus to bring said liquid to boil, and simultaneously remove heat from the vapours that reach the top of the closed container, thus to condense the vapour and obtain a distilled liquid, and which contains a refrigerant fluid comprising one or more gases of the family of the hydrofluoroolefins in a percentage greater than 3%.

A sewage treatment machine comprising: a closed container inside which the liquid to be treated is brought to boil; a vacuum-generating apparatus, which is adapted to maintain the inside of the closed container at a given pressure having a value lower than the environmental/external pressure; a heat-pump assembly which is associated to the closed container so as to be able to transfer heat to the liquid present on the bottom of the closed container, thus to bring said liquid to boil, and simultaneously remove heat from the vapours that reach the top of the closed container, thus to condense the vapour and obtain a distilled liquid, and which contains a refrigerant fluid comprising one or more gases of the family of the hydrofluoroolefins in a percentage greater than 3%.

The present disclosure provides a method for extracting tar aroma components from a cigarette butt and use of the tar aroma components in a cigarette. The method includes the following steps: (1) adding the cigarette butt to an extraction solvent, and carrying out ultrasound-assisted extraction to obtain an extraction solution; (2) centrifuging the extraction solution, and carrying out vacuum distillation on the supernatant to obtain a concentrated extractum; and (3) carrying out molecular distillation on the concentrated extractum, and collecting a light fraction of the molecular distillation to obtain the tar aroma components. In the present disclosure, the cigarette butt is used as a raw material, through the ultrasound-assisted extraction and separation by the molecular distillation to extract the tar, harmful substances in the tar are removed, and the aroma components are retained. The tar aroma components are applied to a heat-not-burn cigarette, so that the aroma, smoke and taste characteristics of the heat-not-burn cigarette are improved, and the problems of insipidness and uneven aroma release of the heat-not-burn cigarette are solved effectively.

The present disclosure provides a method for extracting tar aroma components from a cigarette butt and use of the tar aroma components in a cigarette. The method includes the following steps: (1) adding the cigarette butt to an extraction solvent, and carrying out ultrasound-assisted extraction to obtain an extraction solution; (2) centrifuging the extraction solution, and carrying out vacuum distillation on the supernatant to obtain a concentrated extractum; and (3) carrying out molecular distillation on the concentrated extractum, and collecting a light fraction of the molecular distillation to obtain the tar aroma components. In the present disclosure, the cigarette butt is used as a raw material, through the ultrasound-assisted extraction and separation by the molecular distillation to extract the tar, harmful substances in the tar are removed, and the aroma components are retained. The tar aroma components are applied to a heat-not-burn cigarette, so that the aroma, smoke and taste characteristics of the heat-not-burn cigarette are improved, and the problems of insipidness and uneven aroma release of the heat-not-burn cigarette are solved effectively.

A heat and mass transfer system configured to be a passive system using gravitational force to form a thin liquid film flow on an outer surface of a flow distribution head and downstream conduit member to subject the thin liquid film to heat transfer mediums. The at least partially spherical flow distribution head creates a uniform thin flow of liquid on the outer surface increasing the efficiency of the heat and mass transfer system. The heat and mass transfer system may include a heat transfer medium supply system in fluid communication with internal aspects of the downstream conduit such that a heat transfer medium flows within the downstream conduit while the liquid film flows on the outer surface of the downstream conduit. Rather than conventional sheet flow on inner surfaces of a conduit, the flow distribution head enables sheet flow to be formed on an outside surface of a component.

A heat and mass transfer system configured to be a passive system using gravitational force to form a thin liquid film flow on an outer surface of a flow distribution head and downstream conduit member to subject the thin liquid film to heat transfer mediums. The at least partially spherical flow distribution head creates a uniform thin flow of liquid on the outer surface increasing the efficiency of the heat and mass transfer system. The heat and mass transfer system may include a heat transfer medium supply system in fluid communication with internal aspects of the downstream conduit such that a heat transfer medium flows within the downstream conduit while the liquid film flows on the outer surface of the downstream conduit. Rather than conventional sheet flow on inner surfaces of a conduit, the flow distribution head enables sheet flow to be formed on an outside surface of a component.

A method for improving heat transfer during distillation and concentration of extract with solvent includes providing a distillation vessel having a heat transfer surface and preparing the heat transfer surface with a plurality of surface features. A distillation and concentration system includes a distillation vessel having a heat transfer surface prepared with a plurality of surface features in accordance with the method.

A method for improving heat transfer during distillation and concentration of extract with solvent includes providing a distillation vessel having a heat transfer surface and preparing the heat transfer surface with a plurality of surface features. A distillation and concentration system includes a distillation vessel having a heat transfer surface prepared with a plurality of surface features in accordance with the method.

The present invention provides a process to prepare middle distillates and base oils from a Fischer-Tropsch product, by (a) subjecting the Fischer-Tropsch product to a hydroprocessing step in the presence of a catalyst comprising a molecular sieve with a pore size between 5 and 7 angstrom and a SiO.sub.2/AlO.sub.3 ratio of at least 25, preferably from 50 to 180 and a group VIII metal to obtain a mixture comprising one or more middle distillate fractions and a first residual fraction and a naphtha fraction; (b) separating the mixture as obtained in step (a) by means of atmospheric distillation into one or more middle distillate fractions, a first residual fraction and a naphtha fraction; (c) separating the first residual fraction by means of vacuum distillation into at least a distillate base oil fraction and a second residual fraction.

The present invention provides a process to prepare middle distillates and base oils from a Fischer-Tropsch product, by (a) subjecting the Fischer-Tropsch product to a hydroprocessing step in the presence of a catalyst comprising a molecular sieve with a pore size between 5 and 7 angstrom and a SiO.sub.2/AlO.sub.3 ratio of at least 25, preferably from 50 to 180 and a group VIII metal to obtain a mixture comprising one or more middle distillate fractions and a first residual fraction and a naphtha fraction; (b) separating the mixture as obtained in step (a) by means of atmospheric distillation into one or more middle distillate fractions, a first residual fraction and a naphtha fraction; (c) separating the first residual fraction by means of vacuum distillation into at least a distillate base oil fraction and a second residual fraction.