Methods and systems for converting ammonium waste streams into certifiably Organic ammonium salts having a variety of uses in greenhouse gas-reducing activities are herein described. The resulting ammonium salt compositions can be used to enhance crop yield.

The invention relates to a method for recovering a diisocyanate which is solid at room temperature from a distillation residue from a process for producing the diisocyanate, comprising the following steps: (i) mixing the distillation residue with a bitumen such that a mixture is obtained which contains 70 to 90 wt % of the distillation residue and 10 to 30 wt % of the bitumen, each in relation to the mixture, (ii) distilling the mixture in a thin-film evaporator or a falling film evaporator to obtain a sump discharge and a gaseous product stream, (iii) condensing the gaseous product stream and obtaining a solid containing the diisocyanate which is solid at room temperature. The invention further relates to the use of a thin-film evaporator or falling film evaporator, to a composition containing the diisocyanate which is solid at room temperature, and to a method for producing an elastomer from this composition and to the elastomer itself.

A multi-stage process for the production of an ISO8217 compliant Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil from ISO 8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil involving a core process under reactive conditions in a Reaction System composed of one or more reaction vessels, wherein one or more of the reaction vessels contains one or more catalysts in the form of a structured catalyst bed and is operated under reactive distillation conditions. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil has a sulfur level has a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 mass % to 1.0 mass. A process plant for conducting the process for conducting the process is disclosed.

A method of distilling a liquid containing dimethyl sulfoxide using a distillation system, including mixing sodium carbonate with a liquid containing dimethyl sulfoxide at a bottom of the distillation system such that sodium carbonate accounts for 0.005% to 25% by weight relative to 100% by weight of the liquid containing dimethyl sulfoxide and sodium carbonate in total at the bottom of the distillation system and heating the bottom; and obtaining a distillate containing dimethyl sulfoxide at a position lower than a position at which the liquid containing dimethyl sulfoxide is introduced and higher than a position of the heating portion.

A method of distilling a liquid containing dimethyl sulfoxide using a distillation system, including mixing sodium carbonate with a liquid containing dimethyl sulfoxide at a bottom of the distillation system such that sodium carbonate accounts for 0.005% to 25% by weight relative to 100% by weight of the liquid containing dimethyl sulfoxide and sodium carbonate in total at the bottom of the distillation system and heating the bottom; and obtaining a distillate containing dimethyl sulfoxide at a position lower than a position at which the liquid containing dimethyl sulfoxide is introduced and higher than a position of the heating portion.

A treatment apparatus for treating wastewater produced by purification of an energy gas and containing at least an ammonium ion includes a decompression facility for reducing a pressure of the wastewater, an alkaline agent addition facility for adding an alkaline agent to the wastewater whose pressure has been reduced, and an ammonia stripping facility for stripping ammonia in the wastewater to which the alkaline agent has been added.

Systems and methods related to desalination systems are described herein. According to some embodiments, the desalination systems are transiently operated and/or configured to facilitate transient operation. In some embodiments, a liquid stream comprising water and at least one dissolved salt is circulated through a fluidic circuit comprising a desalination system. In some embodiments, a portion of the desalination system (e.g., a humidifier) is configured to remove at least a portion of the water from the liquid stream to produce a concentrated brine stream enriched in the dissolved salt. In certain cases, the concentrated brine stream is recirculated through the fluidic circuit until the concentrated brine stream reaches a relatively high density (e.g., at least about 10 pounds per gallon) and/or a relatively high salinity (e.g., a total dissolved salt concentration of at least about 25 wt %). In certain embodiments, additional salt is added to the concentrated brine stream to produce an ultra-high-density brine stream (e.g., a brine stream having a density of at least about 11.7 pounds per gallon). Some aspects relate to a system that is configured to promote energy efficiency by recovering heat from the recirculated concentrated brine stream upon discharge from the fluidic circuit.

Methods of sequestering carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) are provided. Aspects of the methods include contacting an aqueous capture ammonia with a gaseous source of CO.sub.2 under conditions sufficient to produce an aqueous ammonium carbonate. The aqueous ammonium carbonate is then combined with a cation source under conditions sufficient to produce a solid CO.sub.2 sequestering carbonate and an aqueous ammonium salt. The aqueous capture ammonia is then regenerated from the from the aqueous ammonium salt. Also provided are systems configured for carrying out the methods.

Methods of sequestering carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) are provided. Aspects of the methods include contacting an aqueous capture ammonia with a gaseous source of CO.sub.2 under conditions sufficient to produce an aqueous ammonium carbonate. The aqueous ammonium carbonate is then combined with a cation source under conditions sufficient to produce a solid CO.sub.2 sequestering carbonate and an aqueous ammonium salt. The aqueous capture ammonia is then regenerated from the from the aqueous ammonium salt. Also provided are systems configured for carrying out the methods.

A system and method for removing ammonia from an ammonia-containing liquid is disclosed. The system comprises a primary heat exchanger 12 for heating the ammonia-containing liquid to operational temperature, an ammonia stripper 14 for stripping ammonia from the ammonia-containing liquid from the primary heat exchanger and discharging it as ammonia-containing gas, and an acid scrubber 16 for reacting the ammonia in the ammonia-containing gas with acid to form an ammonium salt. The acid scrubber comprises a scrubbed air outlet 32 in fluid communication with a hot air inlet 20 of the ammonia stripper, such that scrubbed air which is discharged from the acid scrubber may be recycled for use in the ammonia stripper.

Also disclosed is a system and method for removing ammonia from an ammonia-containing liquid, wherein the system comprises a cold-water scrubber for removing ammonia from the ammonia-containing gas discharged from the ammonia stripper.