The present invention is related to a method for nucleating crystals from a solution comprising the steps of: injecting in a first capillary (1) tube an under saturated solution comprising a solvent and a soluble compound to be crystallised; changing the local conditions of the solution downstream of the capillary tube (1) to supersaturated conditions above the metastable conditions, the transition time of the fluid flowing in the capillary tube between the under saturated conditions and the supersaturated conditions above the metastable conditions being less than 1000 ms, preferably below 100 ms, even more preferably less than 10 ms.

The invention relates to the field of resolution of chiral compounds existing in the form of two optical antipodes (enantiomers), such as Baclofen. More particularly, the invention relates to the production of the pure enantiomer (R)(−) Baclofen, of chemical nomenclature (R)-4-amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-butanoic acid, and the hydrogen maleate salt thereof. More specifically, the invention relates to the resolution of hydrogen maleate salts of racemic Baclofen by preferential crystallisation and particularly by the AS3PC method (auto-seeded and programmed polythermal preferential crystallisation).

A Reflux Rinsing apparatus for purifying crystals using solvent vapor through dynamic equilibrium recrystallization. A pressure vessel contains a liquefied gas solvent, impure crystalline starting material initially, and a purified crystalline mass at the conclusion of the purifying process. A mechanism is provided for providing pressure to contents of the pressure vessel and for heating the lower portion thereof. A timer is also connected to the mechanism, the timer being set to heat the pressure vessel to drive vapors and reflux rinsing to remove impurities at the surface of an impure crystalline mass, to reclaim the solvent, leaving purified crystals and impurities in the pressure vessel, and to open the pressure vessel to remove the purified crystals from the vessel walls and bottom surface and to remove the impurities from the vessel. The angle of a crystal bed in the apparatus can be adjusted.

The present invention relates to a process for removing dissolved silica from a high pH brine produced by an evaporator employed in treating a waste stream. The high pH brine is directed to a crystallizer reactor and an acid or CO.sub.2 is mixed therewith to reduce the pH of the brine, causing the silica in the brine to precipitate. The brine is then directed to a first solids-liquid separator which produces a slurry containing the precipitated silica. The slurry is split into first and second streams with one stream recycled to the crystallizer reactor while the other slurry stream is directed to a second solids-liquid separator which produces a wet cake containing the silica solids.

A method of generating an oligosaccharide encapsulated cannabidiol (CBD) formulation includes forming a cannabidiol ethanol mixture comprising ethanol and cannabidiol, forming an oligosaccharide CBD slurry by mixing the oligosaccharide with the cannabidiol ethanol mixture. The slurry is heated and mixed in a pressurized chamber to form a colloidal mixture, which is distributed into a tray as a layer. A cover is added to the tray to form an evaporation vessel, which is heated in a heating chamber. A rapid cooling process is performed on the colloidal mixture layer by removing the cover and spraying pulverized dry ice on the layer. The rapid cooling process is repeated until crystal formation is detected within the layer, the crystals including oligosaccharide encapsulated cannabidiol. An oligosaccharide encapsulated cannabidiol formulation includes cannabidiol and at least one oligosaccharide in a ratio in the range between about 1000:1 to 2200:1 (w/w) of CBD.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods from processing flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum feedstock and ash feedstocks, either separately or together. FGD gypsum conversion comprises reacting FGD gypsum (calcium sulfate) feedstock or phosphogypsum, in either batch or continuous mode, with ammonium carbonate reagent to produce commercial products comprising ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate. A process to separate the impurities and convert the calcium carbonate to a pure precipitated calcium carbonate is disclosed. These impurities include a concentrate of valuable Rare Earth Elements, and radioactive thorium and uranium. A process to convert calcium sulfite to calcium sulfate using oxygen and a catalyst is also disclosed. Ash conversion comprises a leach process followed by a sequential precipitation process to selectively precipitate products at predetermined pHs resulting in metal hydroxides which may be converted to oxides or carbonates. The processes may be controlled by use of one or more processors.

A method for refining lithium from a crude brine includes charging a crude brine into a feeder tank held at a temperature T.sub.1 and containing a sufficient carbonate source to precipitate all carbonate-forming solids in the crude brine to form a precipitate mixture and a crystal free supernatant; pumping the crystal free supernatant from the feeder tank to a first crystallization reactor that is held at a temperature T.sub.2 to crystallize a lithium carbonate salt out of the crystal free supernatant; wherein the temperature T.sub.1 is lower than the temperature T.sub.2; and controlling a flow rate to maintain a steady state concentration of the lithium carbonate salt in the solution phase of the crystallization reactor.

Microfluidic devices and methods for investigating crystallization and/or for controlling a reaction or a phase transition are disclosed. In one embodiment, the microfluidic device includes a reservoir layer; a membrane disposed on the reservoir layer; a wetting control layer disposed on the membrane; and a storage layer disposed on the wetting control layer, wherein the wetting control layer and the storage layer define a microfluidic channel comprising an upstream portion, a downstream portion, a first fluid path in communication with the upstream and the downstream portions, and a storage well positioned within the first fluid path, wherein the wetting control layer includes a fluid passageway in communication with the storage well and the membrane, and wherein the wetting control layer wets a first fluid introduced into the microfluidic channel, the first fluid comprising a hydrophilic, lipophilic, fluorophilic or gas phase as the continuous phase in the microfluidic channel.

Techniques for growing crystalline calcium carbonate solids such that the crystalline calcium carbonate solids include a volume of 0.0005 mm.sup.3 to 5 mm.sup.3, include a slaker to react quicklime (CaO) and a low carbonate content fluid to yield a slurry of primarily slaked lime (Ca(OH).sub.2); a fluidized-bed reactive crystallizer that encloses a solid bed mass and includes an input for a slurry of primarily slaked lime, an input for an alkaline solution and carbonate, and an output for crystalline calcium carbonate solids that include particles and an alkaline carbonate solution; a dewatering apparatus that includes an input coupled to the crystallizer and an output to discharge a plurality of separate streams that each include a portion of the crystalline calcium carbonate solids and alkaline carbonate solution; and a seed transfer apparatus to deliver seed material into the crystallizer to maintain a consistent mass of seed material.

An apparatus for generating dialysate for dialysis comprising a dialysate outlet and a dialysate inlet and dialysate purifying means, wherein the purifying means comprise a cryopurifier for generating pure water, wherein the inlet of the cryopurifier is connected to the dialysate outlet and the outlet of the cryopurifier is connected to the dialysate inlet; and a method for reclaiming of fresh dialysate from ultrafiltrate and wasted dialysate extracted from a dialysis patient, comprising the following steps: preparing an ice slurry from the dialysate, wherein the ice slurry contains ice crystals and a liquid containing solutes; and separating the ice crystals from the liquid containing the solutes.