A method for filtering a gas includes delivering a gas into a compartment of a gas filter assembly; applying a partial vacuum to the gas filter assembly so that the partial vacuum assists in drawing the gas through a porous filter body of the gas filter assembly that is at least partially disposed within the compartment of the gas filter assembly; and regulating the application of the partial vacuum based on a pressure reading of the gas upstream or downstream of the gas filter assembly.

A tank for farming of marine organisms is described, where the tank includes a main chamber to hold the marine organisms and where the tank has further chambers to treat the water before it is circulated back to the main chamber.

A fluid handling structure for a lithographic apparatus configured to contain immersion fluid to a region, the fluid handling structure having, at a boundary of a space: at least one gas knife opening in a radially outward direction of the space; and at least one gas supply opening in the radially outward direction of the at least gas knife opening relative to the space. The gas knife opening and the gas supply opening both provide substantially pure CO.sub.2 gas so as to provide a substantially pure CO.sub.2 gas environment adjacent to, and radially outward of, the space.

A system and method for determining an efficiency of gas extraction. A chamber allows inflow and outflow of the drilling fluid. An amount of gas extracted from a drilling fluid flowing through the chamber at a constant rate during a dynamic process is measured. A dissolution curve is obtained indicative of a gas remaining in the chamber after the dynamic process. An amount drawn from the chamber during a static process subsequent to the dynamic process is measured. An amount of gas from the drilling fluid during the static process is determined from a difference between the amount of gas drawn from the chamber during the static process and an amount of gas indicated by the dissolution curve. The gas extraction efficiency is determined from a ratio of the amount of gas extracted during the static process and the amount of gas extracted during the dynamic process.

A chlorine dioxide gas generator (100) is provided which capable of efficiently generating and gasifying a chlorine dioxide solution within a short period of time without accidental leakage, facilitating fumigation, and facilitating washing of the interior of the generator within a short period of time. The chlorine dioxide gas generator (100) includes a separation tank (20) that separates a chlorine dioxide gas (30b) from a chlorine dioxide solution (30a) generated in the reactor (10), the separation tank (20) including a separation cylinder (21), downwardly convex trays (22), upwardly convex tray covers (23), nubs (24) packed between the trays (22) and tray covers (23), a liquid supply pipe (25) communicating with an upper portion of the separation cylinder (21), and an air-mixture cylinder (27) that forms an air-mixture space (27a) around the separation cylinder (21) on a waste liquid chamber (26).

The invention relates to a method of producing monodisperse amidomethylated vinylaromatic bead polymers, to ion exchangers prepared from these monodisperse amidomethylated vinylaromatic bead polymers by alkaline hydrolysis, to the method of using said monodisperse amidomethylated vinylaromatic bead polymers in the manufacture of ion exchangers and chelating resins, and also to the method of using these ion exchangers in the removal of heavy metals and noble metals from aqueous solutions or gases.

An aircraft fuel deoxygenation system includes a boost pump, a contactor-separator, and a centrifuge-separator pump. The boost pump is adapted to receive fuel from a fuel source and inert gas from an inert gas source, and is configured to mix the fuel and inert gas and supply a fuel/gas mixture. The contactor-separator is coupled to receive the fuel/gas mixture and is configured to remove oxygen from the fuel and thereby generate and supply deoxygenated fuel with entrained purge gas and separated purge gas. The centrifuge-separator pump is coupled to receive the deoxygenated fuel with entrained purge gas and is configured to separate and remove the entrained purge gas from the deoxygenated fuel and supply the deoxygenated fuel and additional purge gas.

In one aspect there is provided a fluid treatment system for treating a contaminated fluid having a gaseous contaminant mixed or dissolved in the liquid portion thereof. The system comprises a generally enclosed and substantially airtight container defining an interior volume. The container comprises an inlet to receive the contaminated fluid, a gas outlet to discharge any gaseous contaminant and a liquid outlet to discharge any liquid that may be separated from said contaminated fluid. During operations, the container is sealed to maintain a seal between the interior volume and any outside environment, so as to prevent the escape of any liquids and gasses out of the interior volume, except as may be provided for via the inlet, the gas outlet or the liquid outlet. Also during operations, a continuous headspace is maintained between the at least one inlet and the at least one gas outlet.

A process of mass transfer is described which utilises latent heat transfer with little or sensible heat transfer. In a preferred process microbubbles are used under certain conditions of contact with a liquid phase to ensure highly effective mass transfer between a gaseous and liquid phase with significantly less than expected or little or no sensible heat transfer. The present invention in part provides a means by which the known state of a cold liquid of varying depths can be changed using a hot gas injected via a micro bubble inducing internal mixing without allowing the resultant mixture to reach equilibrium thereby ensuring the transfer process becomes continuous. Thus a process is described wherein at least one gaseous phase is contacted with at least one liquid phase such that the heat ratio of the system (AA) is maintained at an a value of greater than 0.5, and the mass transfer is effected by passing a gaseous phase comprising microbubbles through a liquid phase of thickness no more than 10 cm.

A method including acidifying a solution including dissolved inorganic carbon; vacuum stripping a first amount of a carbon dioxide gas from the acidified solution; stripping a second amount of the carbon dioxide gas from the acidified solution; and collecting the first amount and the second amount of the carbon dioxide gas. A system including; a first desorption unit including a first input connected to a dissolved inorganic carbon solution source to and a second input coupled to a vacuum source; and a second desorption unit including a first input coupled to the solution output from the first desorption unit and a second input coupled to a sweep gas source.