A reverse osmosis apparatus for a seawater desalination system is provided. The reverse osmosis apparatus includes: a barrel in which a plurality of reverse osmosis membrane units with a reverse osmosis membrane wrapped in each reverse osmosis membrane unit are arranged; an inflow and outflow portion provided at a first end of the barrel and connected to a seawater inlet a high salinity water outlet; a partition wall configured to partition an inner space of the inflow and outflow portion into a first stage and a second stage; and a transport space portion provided in a second end of the barrel and configured to guide water being moved from a plurality of reverse osmosis membrane units arranged in the first stage to move to a plurality of reverse osmosis membrane units arranged at the second stage, wherein part of seawater fed to the inflow and outflow portion is fed around the tubes in the barrel and insulates the plurality of reverse osmosis membrane units in the barrel from external high temperature while being moved, and flows into the transport space portion.

A hybrid membrane, particularly of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/graphene oxide (GO)/SiO.sub.2, separates oil and water even from emulsions. The membrane can be made by one-step electrospinning, adding GO and SiO.sub.2 nanofillers in PAN in various concentrations. The nanofillers may be uniformly embedded in the nanofibrous structure of the electrospun hybrid membrane, with GO mainly embedded inside the PAN nanofibers and may cause knots, and/or SiO.sub.2 nanoparticles embedded on the nanofiber surface and may form micro-nano fiber surface protrusions. Hierarchical structures formed can have enhanced hydrophilicity due to oxygen-containing groups on both SiO.sub.2 and GO, and have >99% oil rejection from oil-water emulsions. Separation flux and phase rejection of gravity separation may be enhanced by incorporation of nanofillers, which may also enhance membrane mechanical properties. Separated water flux may be enhanced from 2600 (pure PAN) to 3151 Lm.sup.−2h.sup.−1 for the hybrid.

An electrochlorination system includes an electrolyzer fluidically connectable between a source of feed fluid and a product fluid outlet, and a sub-system configured to one of increase a pH of the feed fluid, or increase a ratio of monovalent to divalent ions in the feed fluid, upstream of the electrolyzer.

A filtration apparatus includes a tubular casing having a longitudinal axis and first and second casing ends, a plurality of partition plates positioned in the casing and sealed thereto to thereby define a plurality of axially successive chambers within the casing, including an intake collection chamber between a first of the partition plates and the first casing end, a discharge collection chamber between a second of the partition plates and the second casing end, and a reject collection chamber opposite the second partition plate from the second casing end. A plurality of elongated filtration membrane stacks are positioned side-by-side in the casing generally parallel to the longitudinal axis. Each filtration membrane stack includes an intake end which is fluidly connected to the intake collection chamber, a discharge end which is fluidly connected to the reject collection chamber, and a permeate channel which extends between the intake and discharge ends and is fluidly connected to the discharge collection chamber, an end of the permeate channel located adjacent the intake end being sealed from the intake collection chamber. The filtration apparatus also includes an intake pipe having a first end fluidly connected to the intake collection chamber and a second end fluidly connected to a first connector located proximate the second casing end; a discharge pipe having a first end fluidly connected to the discharge collection chamber and a second end fluidly connected to a second connector located proximate the first connector; and a reject pipe having a first end fluidly connected to the reject collection chamber and a second end fluidly connected to a third connector located proximate the first and second connectors. Each filtration membrane stack includes a plurality of filtration membranes, and the plurality of filtration membrane stacks together define a plurality of axially successive sets of radially adjacent filtration membranes. Also, each filtration membrane of each of the sets of filtration membranes is sealed to a corresponding hole in a respective one of the partition plates.

The invention a solvent-resistant polymeric nanofiltration membrane and preparation method thereof. The method includes subjecting a diamine monomer and a dianhydride monomer to cyclization imidization in a first polar organic solvent at 160 to 230° C., to form a polyimide, wherein the diamine monomer includes a diamine monomer with a carboxyl group and a diamine monomer without a carboxyl group; dissolving the polyimide in a second polar organic solvent, to form a membrane-forming solution; performing phase inversion to obtain an intermediate membrane; treating the intermediate membrane with an organic solution of a metal salt, so that the metal ion is coordinated and cross-linked with the carboxyl group in the polyimide, to obtain a solvent-resistant polymeric nanofiltration membrane, wherein the metal salt is a divalent and/or a multi-valent metal salt. The invention also discloses use of the solvent-resistant polymeric nanofiltration membrane in the separation and/or purification of a compound.

A power generation process is disclosed, the process comprises dissolving a solute (10) into an unsaturated stream (140) to produce a high concentration stream (130) and converting latent mixing energy present in a high concentration input stream (130) into power by passage through a power unit (20) in which the concentration of the high concentration input stream (130) is reduced. The process comprises using a reduced concentration output stream (140) derived from the high concentration input stream (130) following passage through the power unit (20) as the unsaturated stream (140). A first fraction of the high concentration stream (130) is passed to the power unit (20) for use as the high concentration input stream (130) and a second fraction of the high concentration stream (130) is output from the process.

A filter unit includes an inlet for receiving unfiltered water. A first fluid path directs water through a membrane and a filter element to a first outlet. Additionally, a second fluid path directs water across the membrane and to a second outlet.

A control system has a water purification module and a control module. The water purification module has a preliminary filter and a reverse osmosis filter. The control module regularly controls the purification and the drainage of the water purification module, and solves the problem that the TDS value of the water on both sides of the reverse osmosis membrane is too high after the water purifier is on standby for a period of time. The control system regularly drains high concentration water on both sides of the reverse osmosis membrane to improve water purification efficiency.

A water treatment system includes a primary evaporator and a secondary evaporator that is also a primary condenser. The primary evaporator relies on imparting rotational motion to the fluid to atomize it. The secondary evaporator may be a tube and shell heat exchanger. Embodiments include heat exchangers for using waste heat of various components. In an embodiment, concentrated effluent is recirculated and combined with influent to improve efficiency of the system to achieve zero liquid discharge and aid in continuous cleaning of the system.

A water treatment system includes a primary evaporator and a secondary evaporator that is also a primary condenser. The primary evaporator relies on imparting rotational motion to the fluid to atomize it. The secondary evaporator may be a tube and shell heat exchanger. Embodiments include heat exchangers for using waste heat of various components. In an embodiment, concentrated effluent is recirculated and combined with influent to improve efficiency of the system to achieve zero liquid discharge and aid in continuous cleaning of the system.