A method of making building materials from an aqueous solution includes receiving the aqueous solution with dissolved ions and increasing a pH of the aqueous solution so the dissolved ions precipitate from the aqueous solution as salt. The method also includes collecting the salt precipitated from the aqueous solution and forming the building materials from the salt.

A fluid pumping system may include an electroosmotic pump; and a separation member provided at least one end of the electroosmotic pump, and configured to separate the fluid and a transfer target fluid. The electroosmotic pump may include: a membrane that allows a fluid to move therethrough; and a first electrode and a second electrode which are respectively provided at two opposite sides of the membrane, and each of which is formed of a porous material or has a porous structure to allow a fluid to move therethrough; each of the first electrode and the second electrode may be made of porous carbon only; and an electrochemical reaction of the first electrode and the second electrode may take place as a cation is moved in a direction whereby a charge balance is established.

Wastewater containing scale components, organic substances, inorganic ions, and the like, such as human effluent, generated in a closed system space, such as a nuclear shelter, a hazardous shelter, a space station or a moon-Mars mission manned spacecraft, or a lunar base is efficiently treated by a simple structural apparatus, so that water is recovered. After a hardness component is removed from water to be treated, such as human effluent, by a softening device, and heat exchange is performed between softening treated water and electrolysis treated water by a heat exchanger, by a high-temperature and high-pressure electrolysis device, organic substances, urea, ammonia, and the like are removed by electrolysis performed under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. After the electrolysis treated water is processed by a deaeration treatment using a deaeration membrane device, a desalting treatment is performed by acid/alkali manufacturing electrodialysis devices and provided in series at two stages.

[Problem] To provide a production method for a natural-extract beverage which is coffee extraction or the like using electrolytically reduced water, wherein the oxidation-reduction potential of the extract is negative. [Solution] A method for producing a natural-extract beverage by making coffee or tea with electrolytically reduced hot water containing dissolved hydrogen molecules, comprising making coffee or tea that an oxidation-reduction potential of the extract is made to be 0 mV or less by at least one means that suppresses volatilization of dissolved molecular hydrogen, wherein the at least one means are selected from the group consisting of: means of using electrolytically reduced water obtained by electrolysis of heated source water, means of performing the extraction under high pressure in a sealed container, and means of adding to the electrolytically reduced water at least one dissolved-hydrogen stabilizing agent selected from polysaccharides and/or polyphenols.

A greywater recycling system for receiving, storing and recycling household waste influent, comprising: (a) a pre-filtration system comprising an open-ended transversal manifold placed in an elevated position, a series of micron-sized filters for collecting the influent, (b) a reservoir's storage system comprising: (i) a water level sensor for detecting the accumulated influent water level in a predetermined height, (ii) a pump, wherein the pump and the water level sensor are electrically connected together to automatically detect water level and activate or deactivate the pump, (c) the media housing filtration system comprising a series of filtration media for filtering out the effluent odor and contaminants, (d) an ultra-filtration system comprising the sub-micron sized filter, for sanitizing and purifying the outcome effluent, and (e) a check valve for adjusting effluent water pressure and directing the effluent flow direction.

Methods and circuits for a device for interrupting concentration-related polarisation phenomenon and for self-cleaning of electromembrane processes by application of asymmetric inverse-polarity pulses with high intensity and variable frequency are described. The device, a bipolar switch, is based on the use of solid-state electronics to carry out polarity inversion in a range of frequencies, intensities and pulse widths to prevent or reduce formation of precipitates on the surfaces of the membranes. The inversion protocol, with a frequency that varies as a function of the appearance of dirt on the membranes, as measured by the decrease in voltage or electrical resistance of the membrane cell during electromembrane processes, is also provided. This device and configuration provides application of modulated and stable high-intensity pulses using a second power source. Electromembrane processes can be updated by replacing electrodes, suitable for polarity inversion, and adding a second power source and the bipolar switch described.

Electrochemical purification apparatuses for treating water and methods of assembling the devices are provided. The apparatuses may be cross-flow electrochemical devices. The devices may be assembled and sealed through masking and application of a potting material. The devices may comprise various structures configured to improve the current efficiency of the device, reduce leakage, and improve the distribution of potting material to the assembly.

Electrochemical purification apparatuses for treating water and methods of assembling the devices are provided. The apparatuses may be cross-flow electrochemical devices. The devices may be assembled and sealed through masking and application of a potting material. The devices may comprise various structures configured to improve the current efficiency of the device, reduce leakage, and improve the distribution of potting material to the assembly.

The present disclosure relates to a method for reducing water consumption in tartaric stabilization of wine by electrodialysis, comprising the following steps: passing an aqueous stream comprising a weak organic acid between a tank and an electrodialysis module; feeding the electrodialysis module with a stream of wine to be treated so that potassium bitartrate or calcium tartrate pass from the wine to be treated to the aqueous stream which flows between the tank and the electrodialysis module, so that during the passage of the aqueous stream through the electrodialysis module, the potassium bitartrate or calcium tartrate initially present in the wine stream are transferred to the aqueous stream and discarding the aqueous stream when it reaches a certain potassium bitartrate or calcium tartrate saturation point.

The method for purifying oses from hemicellulose originating from lignocellulosic biomass includes eliminating the cellulose matrix and the solid residues and/or the suspended materials from the acid hydrolysate containing oses in order to obtain a clarified hydrolysate, and subjecting the clarified hydrolysate, without adding any basic chemical reagent to increase the pH to at least one step of ultrafiltration and/or to at least one step of nanofiltration, so as to obtain a filtrate containing the majority of the pentoses and a retentate containing the species likely to precipitate under the effect of an increase in the pH. The filtrate is treated by at least one step of electrodialysis so as to recover the acid catalyst from an acid-supplemented solution, and obtain a deacidified filtrate.