The present invention includes: a first sealing portion which has a first entry/exit selectively opened or closed by a first opening/closing valve and a second entry/exit selectively opened or closed by a second opening/closing valve and is configured to seal one end of a housing; a second sealing portion which has a third entry/exit selectively opened or closed by a third opening/closing valve and a fourth entry/exit selectively opened or closed by a fourth opening/closing valve, and is configured to seal the other end of the housing; and a controller which is configured to control the supply of raw water through any one of the first entry/exit and the second entry/exit or control the supply of raw water through any one of the third entry/exit and the fourth entry/exit.

The present disclosure relates to a vacuum filter that incorporates a large area pleated filter element having pleated hydrophilic membrane configured along slanting surface in pyramid shape and incorporated with in a filter housing that can be accommodated in neck of a filtrate container. The disclosed configuration reduces overall height of the filtering system improving its stability and reducing space requirement. Further, top portion of the filter housing is configured to receive either a feed cup for direct feeding of feed liquid by pouring in the cup or a fitting with tube that can be used to suck the feed from a feed solution container under action of a vacuum thus allowing universal use. In another embodiment, a single hydrophobic membrane is provided to avoid problems of low flow due to bubbles coming with the feed solution and also to allow restart of filtration without air lock.

The monolithic separation membrane structure includes a monolithic base, an intermediate layer and a separation membrane. The monolithic base has a plurality of filtration cells extending from a first end face to a second end face. The intermediate layer is formed on an inner surface of the filtration cells. The separation membrane is formed on an inner surface of the intermediate layer. An inner diameter not including the intermediate layer and the separation membrane of the plurality of respective filtration cells is greater than or equal to 1.0 mm to less than or equal to 2.0 mm. A partition wall thickness not including the intermediate layer and the separation membrane of the shortest portion of two adjacent filtration cells of the plurality of filtration cells is greater than or equal to 0.05 mm to less than 0.2 mm. A thickness of the intermediate layer is greater than or equal to 20 μm to less than 100 μm.

In view of above problems, an object of the invention is to provide a primary containment vessel venting system having a structure capable of continuously discharging vapor in a primary containment vessel out of the system and continuously reducing pressure of the primary containment vessel without discharging radioactive noble gases to the outside of the containment vessel and without using an enclosing vessel or a power source. In order to achieve the above object, an nuclear power plant of the invention includes a primary containment vessel which includes a reactor pressure vessel, a radioactive substance separation apparatus which is disposed inside the primary containment vessel and through which the radioactive noble gases do not permeate but vapor permeates, a vent pipe which is connected to the radioactive substance separation apparatus, and an exhaust tower which is connected to the vent pipe and discharges a gas, from which a radioactive substance is removed, to the outside.

A separation membrane module may decrease a bending load applied to a support member supporting ends of tubular separation membranes and omission of a seal member between the outer circumferential surface of the support member and the inner circumferential surface of a housing. The separation membrane module may include a tubular housing, tubular separation membranes arranged in a longitudinal direction of the housing, end tubes connected to lower ends of the tubular separation membranes, a support box supporting the end tubes, and a backpressure chamber below the support box. The tubular separation membranes may be in communication with a support box collection chamber. A nozzle disposed on the support box may extract permeated fluid. A chamber and the backpressure chamber are in communication via a gap between the support box outer circumferential surface and the inner circumferential surface. The chamber and backpressure chamber have substantially the same pressure.

A separation membrane module may decrease a bending load applied to a support member supporting ends of tubular separation membranes and omission of a seal member between the outer circumferential surface of the support member and the inner circumferential surface of a housing. The separation membrane module may include a tubular housing, tubular separation membranes arranged in a longitudinal direction of the housing, end tubes connected to lower ends of the tubular separation membranes, a support box supporting the end tubes, and a backpressure chamber below the support box. The tubular separation membranes may be in communication with a support box collection chamber. A nozzle disposed on the support box may extract permeated fluid. A chamber and the backpressure chamber are in communication via a gap between the support box outer circumferential surface and the inner circumferential surface. The chamber and backpressure chamber have substantially the same pressure.

Systems and methods for separating a liquid mixture are disclosed. A membrane is first soaked by the liquid mixture via dynamic soaking to reach steady state. During the soaking process, the flow rate of the liquid mixture is increased at a flow rate ramp, the temperature is increased at a temperature ramp, and the pressure drop is increased at a pressure drop ramp. After the soaking process, the liquid mixture is separated by the membrane under optimized conditions to produce a permeate and a retentate.

A liquid filter cartridge is provided. Preferred seal arrangements are provided, to provide for preferred axial load conditions, with respect to one or more of the end caps of the cartridge. Some cartridge configurations provided include no core structure or outer liner structure therein, to support axial load. Assemblies using the cartridge, and methods of assembly and use, are provided. The liquid filter cartridge can be a serviceable cartridge, or it can be retained permanently in a housing.

A filtration apparatus includes a tubular casing having a longitudinal axis and first and second casing ends, a plurality of partition plates positioned in the casing and sealed thereto to thereby define a plurality of axially successive chambers within the casing, including an intake collection chamber between a first of the partition plates and the first casing end, a discharge collection chamber between a second of the partition plates and the second casing end, and a reject collection chamber opposite the second partition plate from the second casing end. A plurality of elongated filtration membrane stacks are positioned side-by-side in the casing generally parallel to the longitudinal axis. Each filtration membrane stack includes an intake end which is fluidly connected to the intake collection chamber, a discharge end which is fluidly connected to the reject collection chamber, and a permeate channel which extends between the intake and discharge ends and is fluidly connected to the discharge collection chamber, an end of the permeate channel located adjacent the intake end being sealed from the intake collection chamber. The filtration apparatus also includes an intake pipe having a first end fluidly connected to the intake collection chamber and a second end fluidly connected to a first connector located proximate the second casing end; a discharge pipe having a first end fluidly connected to the discharge collection chamber and a second end fluidly connected to a second connector located proximate the first connector; and a reject pipe having a first end fluidly connected to the reject collection chamber and a second end fluidly connected to a third connector located proximate the first and second connectors. Each filtration membrane stack includes a plurality of filtration membranes, and the plurality of filtration membrane stacks together define a plurality of axially successive sets of radially adjacent filtration membranes. Also, each filtration membrane of each of the sets of filtration membranes is sealed to a corresponding hole in a respective one of the partition plates.

A filtration apparatus includes a tubular casing having a longitudinal axis and first and second casing ends, a plurality of partition plates positioned in the casing and sealed thereto to thereby define a plurality of axially successive chambers within the casing, including an intake collection chamber between a first of the partition plates and the first casing end, a discharge collection chamber between a second of the partition plates and the second casing end, and a reject collection chamber opposite the second partition plate from the second casing end. A plurality of elongated filtration membrane stacks are positioned side-by-side in the casing generally parallel to the longitudinal axis. Each filtration membrane stack includes an intake end which is fluidly connected to the intake collection chamber, a discharge end which is fluidly connected to the reject collection chamber, and a permeate channel which extends between the intake and discharge ends and is fluidly connected to the discharge collection chamber, an end of the permeate channel located adjacent the intake end being sealed from the intake collection chamber. The filtration apparatus also includes an intake pipe having a first end fluidly connected to the intake collection chamber and a second end fluidly connected to a first connector located proximate the second casing end; a discharge pipe having a first end fluidly connected to the discharge collection chamber and a second end fluidly connected to a second connector located proximate the first connector; and a reject pipe having a first end fluidly connected to the reject collection chamber and a second end fluidly connected to a third connector located proximate the first and second connectors. Each filtration membrane stack includes a plurality of filtration membranes, and the plurality of filtration membrane stacks together define a plurality of axially successive sets of radially adjacent filtration membranes. Also, each filtration membrane of each of the sets of filtration membranes is sealed to a corresponding hole in a respective one of the partition plates.