The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a hollow fiber membrane bundle from a plurality of polysulfone and PVP-based hollow fiber membranes which encompasses the providing of a spinning solution comprising a polysulfone-based material, in particular polysulfone, a vinylpyrrolidone-based polymer, in particular polyvinylpyrrolidone, an aprotic solvent, in particular dimethylacetamide, providing a coagulant liquid comprising water and an aprotic solvent, in particular dimethylacetamide, co-extruding the spinning solution and the coagulant liquid through a concentric annular spinneret into a hollow strand, whereby the cavity of the strand is filled with coagulant liquid, conducting the strand through a precipitation gap, introducing the strand into a precipitating bath comprised substantially of water so as to obtain a hollow fiber membrane, conducting the hollow fiber membranes through at least one rinsing bath and drying the hollow fiber membrane obtained, arranging the resulting hollow fiber membranes into a hollow fiber membrane bundle, and treating the hollow fiber membrane bundle with water vapor.

A filter medium is provided. The filter medium according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a first support body having a plurality of pores; a nanofiber web comprising nanofibers disposed on upper and lower sides of the first support body and forming a three dimensional network structure; and a second support body having a plurality of pores interposed between the first support body and the nanofiber web, wherein the nanofiber web is realized as a filter medium that satisfies: (1) an elongation of 25% or more, (2) an air permeability of 0.1 to 2.00 cfm, and 3) porosity of 60%˜85%. Accordingly, since the filter medium has a fixed level of mechanical properties of the nanofiber web, the shape, structure deformation, and damage of the filter medium are minimized and a flow path is smoothly secured during a water treatment operation so that the filter medium can have a high flow rate. In addition, since the filter medium of the present invention has a prolonged use life due to excellent durability of the filter medium even at high pressure applied during backwashing, and has excellent filtration efficiency and water permeability, the filter medium can be applied in various ways in various water treatment fields.

A filter medium is provided. The filter medium according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a first support body having a plurality of pores; a nanofiber web comprising nanofibers disposed on upper and lower sides of the first support body and forming a three dimensional network structure; and a second support body having a plurality of pores interposed between the first support body and the nanofiber web, wherein the nanofiber web is realized as a filter medium that satisfies: (1) an elongation of 25% or more, (2) an air permeability of 0.1 to 2.00 cfm, and 3) porosity of 60%˜85%. Accordingly, since the filter medium has a fixed level of mechanical properties of the nanofiber web, the shape, structure deformation, and damage of the filter medium are minimized and a flow path is smoothly secured during a water treatment operation so that the filter medium can have a high flow rate. In addition, since the filter medium of the present invention has a prolonged use life due to excellent durability of the filter medium even at high pressure applied during backwashing, and has excellent filtration efficiency and water permeability, the filter medium can be applied in various ways in various water treatment fields.

The present disclosure provides devices, machines and methods for incubating or washing a biological sample membrane or gel automated processing of biological samples. This disclosure provides a device comprising a washing cassette, a sample holder, a poking gear and a washing basin assembly. The disclosure also provides machines comprising the device and methods using the device.

The present disclosure provides devices, machines and methods for incubating or washing a biological sample membrane or gel automated processing of biological samples. This disclosure provides a device comprising a washing cassette, a sample holder, a poking gear and a washing basin assembly. The disclosure also provides machines comprising the device and methods using the device.

This specification describes membrane based filtration and softening systems and methods. A system has a microfiltration or ultrafiltration (MF/UF) membrane unit upstream of a nanofiltration or reverse osmosis (NF/RO) membrane unit, optionally with no intermediate tank. In some cases, the system and method may be used with feed water provided at municipal line pressure to the membranes. NF/RO permeate is collected in a tank and then pumped to a header. Treated water may be drawn from the header for use or recycled to the system, for example to backwash or flush one or both of the membrane units. In a combined process, NF/RO permeate flushes the feed side of the NF/RO unit and then backwashes the MF/UF unit. In another process, the MF/UF unit and NF/RO unit are filled with NF/RO permeate before being placed in a standby mode.

This specification describes membrane based filtration and softening systems and methods. A system has a microfiltration or ultrafiltration (MF/UF) membrane unit upstream of a nanofiltration or reverse osmosis (NF/RO) membrane unit, optionally with no intermediate tank. In some cases, the system and method may be used with feed water provided at municipal line pressure to the membranes. NF/RO permeate is collected in a tank and then pumped to a header. Treated water may be drawn from the header for use or recycled to the system, for example to backwash or flush one or both of the membrane units. In a combined process, NF/RO permeate flushes the feed side of the NF/RO unit and then backwashes the MF/UF unit. In another process, the MF/UF unit and NF/RO unit are filled with NF/RO permeate before being placed in a standby mode.

An assembly for treating a liquid is provided. The assembly includes a pressure vessel having first and second ends provided with respective first and second endcaps, a membrane element positioned within the pressure vessel, an adapter coupling the first endcap with a first end of the membrane element, a first set of shims positioned between the first endcap and the first adapter, a first thrust collar positioned between the first endcap and the first end of the membrane element, a second thrust collar positioned between the second endcap and a second end of the membrane element, and a second set of shims positioned between the first thrust collar and the first end of the membrane element. An overall thickness of the second set of shims is the same as an overall thickness of the first set of shims.

An assembly for treating a liquid is provided. The assembly includes a pressure vessel having first and second ends provided with respective first and second endcaps, a membrane element positioned within the pressure vessel, an adapter coupling the first endcap with a first end of the membrane element, a first set of shims positioned between the first endcap and the first adapter, a first thrust collar positioned between the first endcap and the first end of the membrane element, a second thrust collar positioned between the second endcap and a second end of the membrane element, and a second set of shims positioned between the first thrust collar and the first end of the membrane element. An overall thickness of the second set of shims is the same as an overall thickness of the first set of shims.

A hydrophilic graphitic material is provided that may be formed by heating a graphitic material to a temperature between about 150° C. to about 1400° C. for an extended period of time under an inert atmosphere. Annealing CNT film at 500 to 1400 removes amorphous carbon to produce purified CNT film. The purified CNT film can be further densified with the treatment of alkylphosphonic acid or alkyldiphophonic acid and heating to produce a hydrophilic, densified CNT film which is mechanically robust and does not adhere to other solid surfaces. These films can be used as filtration membranes with superior membrane fouling resistance among other uses.