A filter medium according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a first support having a plurality of pores; a nanofiber web comprising nanofibers disposed on upper and lower portions of the first support and forming a three-dimensional network structure, and a hydrophilic coating layer formed on at least a part of an outer surface of the nanofibers, wherein the hydrophilic coating layer is formed of a hydrophilic coating composition comprising a hydrophilic polymer compound having at least one functional group selected from a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group and a crosslinking agent comprising at least one sulfone group; and a second support having a plurality of pores interposed between the first support and the nanofiber web.

A filter medium according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a first support having a plurality of pores; a nanofiber web comprising nanofibers disposed on upper and lower portions of the first support and forming a three-dimensional network structure, and a hydrophilic coating layer formed on at least a part of an outer surface of the nanofibers, wherein the hydrophilic coating layer is formed of a hydrophilic coating composition comprising a hydrophilic polymer compound having at least one functional group selected from a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group and a crosslinking agent comprising at least one sulfone group; and a second support having a plurality of pores interposed between the first support and the nanofiber web.

The invention relates to a respiratory air purifier device. In order to provide an improved respiratory air purifier device which is able effectively to retain viruses, a respiratory air purifier device 101 is proposed for retention of viruses from respiratory air flowing through the device 101, the latter having an interface 110 designed such that it can be placed by a wearer sealingly onto at least one respiratory opening, a hollow-fibre dialyser 120 as a filter, and a connection piece 130 between the interface 110 and the dialyser 120, wherein interface 110, dialyser 120 and connection piece 130 are configured in such a way as to form an airtight fluid channel which fluidically connects the interface to either only the exterior of the hollow fibres X or only the interior of the hollow fibres I of the hollow-fibre dialyser 120, and wherein the purifier device 101 is designed in such a way that, in at least one flow direction E, A, each flow path pE, pA that runs completely through the purifier device extends through the pores of the hollow-fibre membranes, i.e. transversely with respect to the hollow-fibre membrane, of the hollow-fibre dialyser 120.

The present invention provides a fresh water generator operating method and a determination program that are employed in a method for cleaning a separation membrane module following membrane filtration, and that, while various cleaning steps such as reverse pressure cleaning, air cleaning, chemical solution cleaning are taking place after completion of the membrane filtration, determines cleaning troubles by calculating a temporal change in resistance increase rate on the basis of an increase in membrane differential pressure.

The present invention provides a fresh water generator operating method and a determination program that are employed in a method for cleaning a separation membrane module following membrane filtration, and that, while various cleaning steps such as reverse pressure cleaning, air cleaning, chemical solution cleaning are taking place after completion of the membrane filtration, determines cleaning troubles by calculating a temporal change in resistance increase rate on the basis of an increase in membrane differential pressure.

A desalination apparatus 12 (liquid treatment apparatus) includes a first water treatment unit 26 (liquid treatment unit) that includes a reverse osmosis membrane and in which a treated liquid is separated into a permeate that permeates the reverse osmosis membrane and a concentrate other than the permeate, a water recovery unit 28 (liquid recovery unit) that includes a reverse osmosis membrane and in which the concentrate is separated into a recovered liquid that permeates the reverse osmosis membrane and a waste liquid other than the recovered liquid, and a pressure increasing means that increases a liquid pressure of the concentrate, such that a state capable of separating into the recovered liquid and the waste liquid in the liquid recovery unit continues, and that directly feeds the concentrate from the liquid treatment unit to the liquid recovery unit.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods that can treat feeds with elevated organic levels, e.g., feeds with ≥300 Pascals (Pa) organic osmotic pressure, with one or more enhanced filter membrane modules, which may be referred to herein as membrane modules or simply modules. Preferably, a filter membrane module consistent with the present disclosure include one or more plate and frame modules, one or more spiral format modules, or a combination of plate a frame and spiral format modules. The systems and methods provided herein can provide reliable performance when used to treat feeds with elevated organic levels.

The present invention is a two-part irrigation system that utilizes both groundwater and rainwater. The first system extracts water from groundwater layers by using extraction pipes filled with nanomilled sand that constantly moves water upwards through capillary action. The second is a rainwater collection and capillary irrigation system. The groundwater irrigation system consists of an external groundwater transport pipe filled with nanomilled sand. This encapsulates an empty internal transport pipe that delivers percolated water. The rainwater irrigation system consists of a collection, storage, filtration, and capillary irrigation system. Rainwater is collected by trays and a water tank, where the water is filtered through a hollow fiber membrane filter. This clean water is used as potable drinking water or for irrigation. The water volume required for irrigation is calculated based on moisture data collected by moisture detection devices. Both systems are solar powered, and are controlled and programmed by the user.

The present invention is a two-part irrigation system that utilizes both groundwater and rainwater. The first system extracts water from groundwater layers by using extraction pipes filled with nanomilled sand that constantly moves water upwards through capillary action. The second is a rainwater collection and capillary irrigation system. The groundwater irrigation system consists of an external groundwater transport pipe filled with nanomilled sand. This encapsulates an empty internal transport pipe that delivers percolated water. The rainwater irrigation system consists of a collection, storage, filtration, and capillary irrigation system. Rainwater is collected by trays and a water tank, where the water is filtered through a hollow fiber membrane filter. This clean water is used as potable drinking water or for irrigation. The water volume required for irrigation is calculated based on moisture data collected by moisture detection devices. Both systems are solar powered, and are controlled and programmed by the user.

A polyamide (PA) nanofiltration (NF) membrane and a preparation method thereof by regeneration from a scrapped microfiltration (MF) membrane are provided. The method adopts a cleaning-repairing-interfacial polymerization upgrading strategy, where, sodium hypochlorite and oxalic acid are used for deeply cleaning a scrapped MF membrane. PDA is used as a repairing agent to construct a reaction platform on the membrane surface, and finally a reaction system of piperazine and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) are used to form a PA NF membrane with a PA active layer. The repairing can construct a coating with a given thickness and prominent hydrophilicity on the membrane surface, which provides favorable base membrane conditions for upgrading and preparing an NF membrane.