A predictive system for monitoring fouling of membranes of a desalination or water softening plant includes ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, and/or nanofiltration (NF) membranes. In addition, the system includes one or more UF skids including a plurality of UF units. Each UF unit contains therein a plurality of UF membranes. Further, the system includes one or more RO/NF skids including one or more RO/NF arrays. Each of the one or more RO/NF arrays includes a plurality of RO units, with each RO unit containing therein a plurality of RO membranes, a plurality of NF units, with each NF unit containing therein a plurality of NF membranes, or a combination thereof. Still further, the system includes UF sensors and/or RO/NF sensors. The system also includes a controller comprising a processor in signal communication with the UF sensors and/or the RO/NF sensors.

A predictive system for monitoring fouling of membranes of a desalination or water softening plant includes ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, and/or nanofiltration (NF) membranes. In addition, the system includes one or more UF skids including a plurality of UF units. Each UF unit contains therein a plurality of UF membranes. Further, the system includes one or more RO/NF skids including one or more RO/NF arrays. Each of the one or more RO/NF arrays includes a plurality of RO units, with each RO unit containing therein a plurality of RO membranes, a plurality of NF units, with each NF unit containing therein a plurality of NF membranes, or a combination thereof. Still further, the system includes UF sensors and/or RO/NF sensors. The system also includes a controller comprising a processor in signal communication with the UF sensors and/or the RO/NF sensors.

Header-equipped air diffusion devices includes, in the header, an air storage unit, on its lower end including inlet(s) for water to be treated, and air supply part(s) and air sending part(s) on the air storage unit upper section. The air diffusion device's air sending part and horizontal tube are connected, air sent from the header being diffused by the air diffusion device, and air sending in the air storage unit is above the air supply part's air supply port. The air storage portion's partition portion, with a 50+mm height, partitions the upper portion into an air supply and an air feeding portion side. The partition portion forms a cylindrical portion and an upper plate portion and the air storage portion's trunk portion serves as part of the air supply portion, and an opening end on a lower end side of the partition portion serves as the air supply port.

Header-equipped air diffusion devices includes, in the header, an air storage unit, on its lower end including inlet(s) for water to be treated, and air supply part(s) and air sending part(s) on the air storage unit upper section. The air diffusion device's air sending part and horizontal tube are connected, air sent from the header being diffused by the air diffusion device, and air sending in the air storage unit is above the air supply part's air supply port. The air storage portion's partition portion, with a 50+mm height, partitions the upper portion into an air supply and an air feeding portion side. The partition portion forms a cylindrical portion and an upper plate portion and the air storage portion's trunk portion serves as part of the air supply portion, and an opening end on a lower end side of the partition portion serves as the air supply port.

Provided is a field-flow-fractionation apparatus that is configured to supply a carrier fluid to a waste fluid chamber through a fluid supply flow path at a flow rate higher than a set flow rate of a flow rate adjusting part at a timing between an end of analysis of a sample and a start of analysis of a subsequent sample, thereby forming a flow of the carrier fluid from the waste fluid chamber to the separation channel. Accordingly, the sample adhering to a separation membrane is separated from the separation membrane and is discharged from the outlet port.

Provided is a field-flow-fractionation apparatus that is configured to supply a carrier fluid to a waste fluid chamber through a fluid supply flow path at a flow rate higher than a set flow rate of a flow rate adjusting part at a timing between an end of analysis of a sample and a start of analysis of a subsequent sample, thereby forming a flow of the carrier fluid from the waste fluid chamber to the separation channel. Accordingly, the sample adhering to a separation membrane is separated from the separation membrane and is discharged from the outlet port.

The invention concerns an underwater water treatment unit which has specific cleaning means which are suitable for cleaning filtration membranes in the unconventional conditions associated with use at great or very great depths, as well as a method for cleaning the membrane of the underwater water treatment unit.

The invention concerns an underwater water treatment unit which has specific cleaning means which are suitable for cleaning filtration membranes in the unconventional conditions associated with use at great or very great depths, as well as a method for cleaning the membrane of the underwater water treatment unit.

The present invention provides a multi-stage filter system suitable for the production of drinking water from a wide variety of contaminated water sources. The modular nature of the multi-stage filter system allows for the customization of filter combinations according to the remediation requirements. The multi-stage filter system comprises a coarse filter (S1); an ultrafiltration filter (S2); a graphene-based filter (S3); and a residual nanoparticle filter (S4). The graphene-based filter cartridge comprises few-layer graphene powder; a combination of few-layer graphene powder and pellets comprising a mixture of polyethersulfone, graphene oxide (GO), and dimethylformamide; a composite comprising chitosan, GO, sodium sulfate and ferric chloride; or a combination of few-layer graphene powder, granular activated carbon and a composite comprising chitosan, GO, sodium sulfate and ferric chloride.

The present invention provides a multi-stage filter system suitable for the production of drinking water from a wide variety of contaminated water sources. The modular nature of the multi-stage filter system allows for the customization of filter combinations according to the remediation requirements. The multi-stage filter system comprises a coarse filter (S1); an ultrafiltration filter (S2); a graphene-based filter (S3); and a residual nanoparticle filter (S4). The graphene-based filter cartridge comprises few-layer graphene powder; a combination of few-layer graphene powder and pellets comprising a mixture of polyethersulfone, graphene oxide (GO), and dimethylformamide; a composite comprising chitosan, GO, sodium sulfate and ferric chloride; or a combination of few-layer graphene powder, granular activated carbon and a composite comprising chitosan, GO, sodium sulfate and ferric chloride.