A method of predicting membrane fouling in a reverse osmosis process includes collecting information relative to the reverse osmosis process being performed over a predetermined period of time, the collected information including a process factor and a water quality factor, the process factor including a produced water flow rate; calculating a salt removal rate and a pressure drop based on the collected information; normalizing the produced water flow rate, the salt removal rate, and the pressure drop; generating a prediction equation using normalized values of the produced water flow rate, the salt removal rate, and the pressure drop values; and predicting membrane fouling through the generated prediction equation to determine a chemical cleaning time. Process and water quality factors are normalized to temperature and/or flow rate, and the prediction equation uses the normalized factors. Both short-term and long-term predictions are made for chemical cleaning time and membrane module replacement time.

A method of predicting membrane fouling in a reverse osmosis process includes collecting information relative to the reverse osmosis process being performed over a predetermined period of time, the collected information including a process factor and a water quality factor, the process factor including a produced water flow rate; calculating a salt removal rate and a pressure drop based on the collected information; normalizing the produced water flow rate, the salt removal rate, and the pressure drop; generating a prediction equation using normalized values of the produced water flow rate, the salt removal rate, and the pressure drop values; and predicting membrane fouling through the generated prediction equation to determine a chemical cleaning time. Process and water quality factors are normalized to temperature and/or flow rate, and the prediction equation uses the normalized factors. Both short-term and long-term predictions are made for chemical cleaning time and membrane module replacement time.

Systems and methods using: a membrane unit to treat fluids recovered from an oil and gas well are provided. The membrane unit may include a membrane having a porous substrate at. least partially coated with graphene oxide, making the membrane hydrophilic. The membrane separates water from other components within a fluid stream. The membrane unit may include an inlet to receive a fluid stream into the membrane unit. The fluid stream may be pretreated prior to reaching the membrane unit The membrane unit may also include a first outlet in fluid communication with one side of the membrane and a second outlet in fluid communication with the opposite side of the membrane.

Systems and methods using: a membrane unit to treat fluids recovered from an oil and gas well are provided. The membrane unit may include a membrane having a porous substrate at. least partially coated with graphene oxide, making the membrane hydrophilic. The membrane separates water from other components within a fluid stream. The membrane unit may include an inlet to receive a fluid stream into the membrane unit. The fluid stream may be pretreated prior to reaching the membrane unit The membrane unit may also include a first outlet in fluid communication with one side of the membrane and a second outlet in fluid communication with the opposite side of the membrane.

Provided is a feed spacer, in which angles of strands are differently formed in one feed spacer according to a flow direction of raw water, so that a differential pressure decrease region and a recovery increase region are separated to perform multiple functions, and a reverse osmosis filter module including the feed spacer.

An antiscalant composition, the composition having a silica inhibitor composition, and a dispersant composition. A method for inhibiting scale formation in a membrane system, the method providing an antiscalant composition, the antiscalant composition having a silica inhibitor and a dispersant, and adding the antiscalant composition to an aqueous stream of an aqueous system.

An antiscalant composition, the composition having a silica inhibitor composition, and a dispersant composition. A method for inhibiting scale formation in a membrane system, the method providing an antiscalant composition, the antiscalant composition having a silica inhibitor and a dispersant, and adding the antiscalant composition to an aqueous stream of an aqueous system.

Apparatus and processes for controlling a reverse osmosis system for water desalination to reduce energy consumption. The system has a controller configured to receive information from the sensor array and determine a fouling parameter for each reverse-osmosis stage based on one or more of: an A-Value, a B-value and a normalized differential pressure. The controller is then configured to control the flow through each of the reverse-osmosis assemblies based on the determined fouling parameters to meet a predetermined criterion for total permeate production for the reverse-osmosis system.

Disclosed are devices, methods and/or systems for use in protecting items and/or structures that are exposed to, submerged and/or partially submerged in aquatic environments from contamination and/or fouling due to the incursion and/or colonization by specific types and/or kinds of biologic organisms and/or plants, including the protection from micro- and/or macro-fouling for extended periods of time of exposure to aquatic environments.

Disclosed are devices, methods and/or systems for use in protecting items and/or structures that are exposed to, submerged and/or partially submerged in aquatic environments from contamination and/or fouling due to the incursion and/or colonization by specific types and/or kinds of biologic organisms and/or plants, including the protection from micro- and/or macro-fouling for extended periods of time of exposure to aquatic environments.