The present disclosure relates to, inter alia, a modified surface comprising an optically active monomer, a polymeric material having a surface onto which the optically active monomer is covalently bound. In one aspect, a membrane comprising an optically active monomer, a poly(aryl sulfone) membrane having a surface onto which the optically active monomer is covalently bound. The present disclosure also relates to a method of modifying a surface, the method comprising applying sufficient energy to a surface to induce covalent bonding with an optically active monomer, and contacting the optically active monomer with the surface. In one aspect, a method of modifying a surface of a poly(aryl sulfone) membrane is disclosed. In another aspect, a method of synthesizing an optically active monomer is disclosed. In one aspect, a method of filtration of chiral compounds is disclosed.

A porous membrane obtainable by a process comprising curing a composition comprising: (i) cross-linking agent(s) comprising at least one ligand group; (ii) inert solvent(s); (iii) polymerization initiator(s); and (vi) optionally monomer(s) other than component (i) which are reactive with component (i); wherein the composition satisfies the following equation: Z=wt(i)/(wt(i)+wt(iii)+wt(iv)) wherein: Z has a value of at least 0.6; wt(i) is the number of grammes of component (i) present in the composition; wt(iii) is the number of grammes of component (iii) present in the composition; and wt(iv) is the number of grammes of component (iv) present in the composition.

A porous membrane obtainable by a process comprising curing a composition comprising: (i) cross-linking agent(s) comprising at least one ligand group; (ii) inert solvent(s); (iii) polymerization initiator(s); and (vi) optionally monomer(s) other than component (i) which are reactive with component (i); wherein the composition satisfies the following equation: Z=wt(i)/(wt(i)+wt(iii)+wt(iv)) wherein: Z has a value of at least 0.6; wt(i) is the number of grammes of component (i) present in the composition; wt(iii) is the number of grammes of component (iii) present in the composition; and wt(iv) is the number of grammes of component (iv) present in the composition.

The present disclosure provides devices and methods for filtering a fluid. An example device can include a first end configured to be joined to a first segment of a pipe. The first end can include a first opening for receiving the fluid. The device can also include a second end configured to be joined to a second segment of the pipe. The second end can include a second opening for transmitting the fluid. A filtering segment can be disposed between the first end and the second end. The filtering segment can include a plurality of fiber filters oriented substantially perpendicular to a direction of flow of the fluid in the pipe. A fiber filter of the plurality of fiber filters can include a mycomaterial and a carrier material configured to provide nutrients to the mycomaterial.

The present invention aims to provide a porous separation membrane that does not suffer a significant decrease in the protein permeability even after long term use. The porous separation membrane has an asymmetric structure with a dense layer forming one surface layer and with a coarse layer forming the other surface layer, supports a biocompatible polymer, and meet the requirements (1) and (2) given below in surface analysis of a cross section containing the dense layer and the coarse layer performed by TOF-SIMS: (1) the minimum value of normalized intensity of the ion signal attributed to the biocompatible polymer in the coarse layer is 0.15 times or more of the maximum value, and (2) the normalized average intensity of the ion signal attributed to the biocompatible polymer in the dense layer is 2.0 times or more of the normalized average intensity of the ion signal attributed to carboxylic acid in the coarse layer.

The present invention aims to provide a porous separation membrane that does not suffer a significant decrease in the protein permeability even after long term use. The porous separation membrane has an asymmetric structure with a dense layer forming one surface layer and with a coarse layer forming the other surface layer, supports a biocompatible polymer, and meet the requirements (1) and (2) given below in surface analysis of a cross section containing the dense layer and the coarse layer performed by TOF-SIMS: (1) the minimum value of normalized intensity of the ion signal attributed to the biocompatible polymer in the coarse layer is 0.15 times or more of the maximum value, and (2) the normalized average intensity of the ion signal attributed to the biocompatible polymer in the dense layer is 2.0 times or more of the normalized average intensity of the ion signal attributed to carboxylic acid in the coarse layer.

A provided stretched porous polytetrafluoroethylene membrane has an air permeability of 4 cm.sup.3/(sec.Math.cm.sup.2) or more, as expressed in terms of Frazier air permeability, in a thickness direction, and has a total cohesion of 1.9 (N/20 mm).sup.2 or more, the total cohesion being expressed by a product of a peel cohesion in a first in-plane direction and a peel cohesion in a second in-plane direction perpendicular to the first direction. The above stretched porous membrane is highly air-permeable and, for example, when included in a filter member, being less likely to suffer breakage at the time of handling the member or placing the member on a housing or the like.

A filter structure includes a housing having an inlet and an outlet; a first filter embedded in the housing and including a polymer membrane for filtering a first fluid flowing from the inlet into the housing; and a second filter embedded in the housing, filtering a second fluid filtered by the first filter, and including mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN).

A filter structure includes a housing having an inlet and an outlet; a first filter embedded in the housing and including a polymer membrane for filtering a first fluid flowing from the inlet into the housing; and a second filter embedded in the housing, filtering a second fluid filtered by the first filter, and including mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN).

A spunbond non-woven fabric includes a nonbonded projected part and a bonded recessed part. Bending resistance in a machine direction of the spunbond non-woven fabric is 20 mN or more and 40 mN or less, and in a non-woven fabric cross-section, a thickness from one surface to another surface of the projected part is determined to be t.sub.A, a thickness from one surface to another surface of the recessed part is determined to be t.sub.B, and respective distances from one surface of the projected part to one surface of the recessed part are determined to be t.sub.C and to (t.sub.C<t.sub.D), and the spunbond non-woven fabric has a relation represented by formulas (1) and (2) below:

0.5≤1−t.sub.B/t.sub.A<1.0  (1)

0.35<t.sub.C/t.sub.D<0.65  (2).