Ultra-clean char and ultra-clean gaseous hydrocarbons are produced from a carbon-based feedstock to generate maximum efficiency uniform heat and/or electricity in a clean environmentally friendly process. The ultra-clean char and ultra-clean gaseous hydrocarbon streams are produced by pyrolizing organic matter, such as coal or pet coke or any other carbon-based material including land, sea, plastics and industrial waste. The pyrolized organic matter may be combusted in the presence of oxygen to produce heat, which can be used to generate electricity in a conventional boiler/generator system. Further, pyrolized organic matter can be combusted in the presence of carbon dioxide and further processed to produce various hydrocarbons. In other embodiments, the ultra-clean post-combustion ash may be subjected to an extraction process for capturing valuable rare earth elements.

A treatment system for remediating some forms of sulfur, CO.sub.2, and other contaminants/impurities from a gas stream includes at least one of a process vessel and a treatment coil. Each of the vessel and treatment coil have internals, different in design from each other, which promote intimate mixing and extended contact time between a treatment composition and a gas being treated. The vessel, which additionally facilitates vapor/liquid separation, operates about one-half to two-thirds full of liquid treatment composition. In some embodiments, the treatment coil is a serpentine arrangement of piping, into which the atomized treatment composition is injected on a continuous basis.

The invention relates to a process for separating off and/or recovering nitrogen compounds, in particular for separating off ammonia and/or recovering or producing nitrogen fertilizer, from a liquid or sludge substrate, in which a liquid or sludge substrate is introduced into a degassing vessel to which subatmospheric pressure is applied and ammonia gas formed is introduced by means of a vacuum pump into at least one scrubber which is located downstream of the degassing vessel and to which subatmospheric pressure is applied and into which acid is introduced, wherein the acid or an ammonium salt-containing liquid obtained in the at least one scrubber is taken off from the at least one scrubber, cooled and subsequently sprayed back into the at least one scrubber. The invention further relates to a plant for carrying out such a process.

Disclosed herein is a system for purifying air; for the capture of solid residues (soot), and the transformation of CO.sub.x and NO.sub.x (and even methane) present in contaminated air generated by industrial combustion. The purifying air system comprises an air entrance (c); a first module (A), made up of mechanical filters; a second module (B), downwards from the first module (A), and it corresponds to a series of small reactors with molecular converters (nucleophile chemical agents) to capture and transform carbon oxides (CO.sub.x) and nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x); and an exit for decontaminated air (D).

A liquid hydrocarbon desulfurization system having at least one processing unit, and preferably an initial and an end processing unit. Each processing unit having a reactor assembly and a sorption system. An aqueous system directs aqueous into the reactor assembly together with liquid hydrocarbon, wherein the two are mixed using shear mixers. An adsorbent system provides adsorbent to the sorption column to adsorb the oxidized sulfur resulting through the mixing of the liquid hydrocarbon with the aqueous. A system having multiple processing units is disclosed, as well as systems for transferring adsorbent and providing aqueous. A plurality of methods is likewise disclosed.

Disclosed are methods and systems for removing submicron particles from a gas stream, in particular from urea prilling off-gas, wherein a Venturi ejector is used. A method comprises contacting a gas stream containing submicron particles in a Venturi ejector with an injected high velocity scrubbing liquid to provide a pumping action, wherein the scrubbing liquid has an initial velocity of at least 2 m/s and wherein the ratio of scrubbing liquid and gas flow is between 0.0005 and 0.0015 (m.sup.3/h)/(m.sup.3/h). The disclosure also pertains to a prilling tower having a gas stream treatment system comprising a Venturi ejector at the top of the prilling tower, and to a method of modifying an existing prilling tower.

There are provided methods for treating a gas having an undesirable odor. The methods comprise contacting the gas with a basic aqueous oxidizing composition having a pH of about 9.0 to about 10.0 and comprising H.sub.2O.sub.2 at a concentration of about 20 mg/L to about 700 mg/L, and submitting the gas and the composition to UV radiation when the gas and the composition are contacting each other, wherein the treatment permits to reduce by at least 60% intensity of the undesirable odor.

A reactive composition comprising between 60% and 98% by weight of sodium bicarbonate, between 1% and 40% by weight of sodium carbonate and between 0.02% and 2.0% by weight of ammonia, expressed in the form of ammonium ions NH.sub.4.sup.+, and comprising from 0.01 to 5% by weight of a compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, and fatty acid salts.

An apparatus for removing air pollutants from the air is described. The apparatus contains a fan module and a chamber that can hold either activated carbon or a gel that reacts with air pollutants from air.

The present invention provides a method for extracting Tremella polysaccharides by using buffer solution, which comprises the following steps: leaching Tremella powder in a buffer solution with heating to obtain the leachate; subjecting the said leachate to solid-liquid separation and obtaining the liquid component which contains Tremella polysaccharides; subjecting the said liquid component to alcohol precipitation, and the precipitate obtained is Tremella polysaccharides. According to the method of the invention, various buffer solutions can achieve the extraction rates of Tremella polysaccharides up to 33:12%, which is 3 to 4 times of that of the traditional water extraction method, and greatly improve the extraction yields of Tremella polysaccharides.