A process reactor (10) for splitting off molecular components of a gaseous substance (46) or mixture of substances in a separation process includes a reaction chamber (12) with a gas inlet (28, 40) and a gas outlet (73). At least one gas supply (32) is provided, which directs the gaseous substance (46) or the gaseous mixture from the gas inlet (40) to a reaction site (21) in the reaction chamber (12). Separating means (53) in the reaction chamber (12) separate molecular components at the reaction site (21). A power supply (50, 58) is provided for the separating means (53). At least one molecule separator (76) separates different molecular components or newly formed molecules from the molecular components.

A system with an analyzer device in fluid communication with a sample of a bodily fluid is configured to chemically or electrochemically convert at least a portion of ammonium (NH.sub.4.sup.+) contained within the bodily fluid into ammonia (NH.sub.3) and dispel the converted ammonia (NH.sub.3) into a gas sensing chamber. An ammonia (NH.sub.3) sensor located within the gas sensing chamber in conjunction with a processor can quantify an amount of ammonia (NH.sub.3) present in the gas sensing chamber in relation to the total ammonia of the bodily fluid.

Systems and methods are provided for using oxidation-resistant amines in cyclic and/or regenerable CO.sub.2 capture environments. The oxidation-resistant amines correspond to amines that are partially or fully substituted on the -carbon relative to the amine. By using oxidation-resistant amines, difficulties associated with amine degradation in the presence of oxygen at elevated temperatures can be reduced or minimized. This can allow for sorption/desorption cycles with improved efficiency, resulting in lower operational costs for a CO.sub.2 capture system.

Disclosed are devices and methods for capturing carbon dioxide and other gases. All gas-capturing systems employ chemical fluid/media for binding purposes. One system delivers chemicals in droplet form, while another system delivers feed gas in bubble form. All systems employ an admixing chamber for confining and uniting particles of matter, as well as streaming means for placing gas in confinement. The droplet-based delivery system packetizes chemicals using an atomizing device, while the bubble-based delivery system packetizes gaseous feedstock using metering means, rerouting means, perturbation means, and stream-dividing means. The droplet and bubble systems feature common or unique advantages relating to chemical flow, surface area, and/or progressive cycling. These advantages increase the efficiency of gas-capturing devices in general and decarbonizing devices in particular.

Embodiments include a method for reducing corrosion in a pump exhaust foreline of a processing system. The method begins with the operation of a plasma processing system and evacuating a fluorine or chlorine containing gas into a processing chamber exhaust foreline as effluent. The effluent is abated in a plasma abatement system with a hydrogen containing reagent in a vacuum environment. The abated effluent contains one or more of HF or HCl at vacuum pressure. A controller runs a program to determine if a condition for condensation of HCl or HF exist based on a characteristic, flow rate and pressure of the effluent. A non-condensable gas is injected into the effluent. The abated effluent is pumped to a pump exhaust foreline coupled to an outlet of the pump, wherein the pump exhaust foreline is at atmospheric pressure.