Provided is a water purifier comprising: a filter unit which has a reverse osmosis membrane filter; a supply valve; an instantaneous heating device which is provided with an inflow port, and an outflow port, and which heats and purified water entering through the inflow port and flowing to the outflow port, so that hot water is discharged through the outflow port; an extraction member; a supply pump; a domestic water drain line; a hot water drain line; a hot water drain valve; and a control unit which controls the opening/closing of respective flow channels of the hot water drain line and the domestic water drain line so that, among a hot water draining process through the hot water drain line, and a domestic water draining process through the domestic water drain line, the hot water draining process is carried out first.

A metal surface treatment liquid recycling system includes a treatment liquid collecting tank, a pre-treatment device, a nanofiltration device and a vacuum distillation device, all of which are connected sequentially. The nanofiltration device includes a feed tank, a first-stage nanofiltration membrane unit, and a second-stage nanofiltration membrane unit. Treatment wastewater in the treatment liquid collecting tank is fed into the pre-treatment device to filter out suspended solids and then enter the feed tank. The wastewater in the feed tank is filtered by the first-stage nanofiltration membrane unit and transformed to a first-stage concentrated waste liquid and first-stage infiltration fluids. The first-stage infiltration fluids are fed into and re-filtered by the second-stage nanofiltration membrane unit and transformed to a second-stage concentrated waste liquid and second-stage infiltration fluids. The second-stage infiltration fluids are evaporated and concentrated by the vacuum distillation device for generation of distilled water and high-concentration acid concentrated fluids.

A metal surface treatment liquid recycling system includes a treatment liquid collecting tank, a pre-treatment device, a nanofiltration device and a vacuum distillation device, all of which are connected sequentially. The nanofiltration device includes a feed tank, a first-stage nanofiltration membrane unit, and a second-stage nanofiltration membrane unit. Treatment wastewater in the treatment liquid collecting tank is fed into the pre-treatment device to filter out suspended solids and then enter the feed tank. The wastewater in the feed tank is filtered by the first-stage nanofiltration membrane unit and transformed to a first-stage concentrated waste liquid and first-stage infiltration fluids. The first-stage infiltration fluids are fed into and re-filtered by the second-stage nanofiltration membrane unit and transformed to a second-stage concentrated waste liquid and second-stage infiltration fluids. The second-stage infiltration fluids are evaporated and concentrated by the vacuum distillation device for generation of distilled water and high-concentration acid concentrated fluids.

Systems and methods for filtering materials from biologic fluids are discussed. Embodiments may be used to filter cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a human or animal subject. In an example, CSF is separated into a permeate and retentate using a tangential flow filter. The retentate is filtered again and then returned to the subject with the permeate. During operation of the system, various parameters may be modified, such as flow rate and waste rate.

Systems and methods for filtering materials from biologic fluids are discussed. Embodiments may be used to filter cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a human or animal subject. In an example, CSF is separated into a permeate and retentate using a tangential flow filter. The retentate is filtered again and then returned to the subject with the permeate. During operation of the system, various parameters may be modified, such as flow rate and waste rate.

A system and method for increasing the efficiency of a multi-pass nanofiltration system associated with water desalination and mineral extraction. A saline source water is preferably subjected to a first treatment by passage through a first nanofiltration unit, followed by a second treatment by passage through a second nanofiltration unit. At least a portion of the second nanofiltration unit's reject stream is recirculated to the inlet of the first nanofiltration unit, thereby increasing the production of permeate from the first nanofiltration unit, as well as increasing the purity of monovalent ions in the first nanofiltration unit permeate. Further nanofiltration units with one or more recirculated reject streams may be connected in series and/or in parallel with the first and second nanofiltration units.

An object of the present invention is to provide a desalination apparatus in which a high pressure pump can be operated at a high efficient operation point even when temperature, salt concentration or the like of water to be treated vary. The desalination apparatus includes a high pressure pump which is provided in a first flow path and supplies raw water to a first module at high pressure to apply reverse osmotic pressure to a first module and a second module, a third flow path for supplying second concentrated water after separation in the second module to upstream of the high pressure pump in the first flow path, and a fourth flow path for supplying a portion of the first concentrated water after separation in the first module to upstream of the high pressure pump in the first flow path.

An object of the present invention is to provide a desalination apparatus in which a high pressure pump can be operated at a high efficient operation point even when temperature, salt concentration or the like of water to be treated vary. The desalination apparatus includes a high pressure pump which is provided in a first flow path and supplies raw water to a first module at high pressure to apply reverse osmotic pressure to a first module and a second module, a third flow path for supplying second concentrated water after separation in the second module to upstream of the high pressure pump in the first flow path, and a fourth flow path for supplying a portion of the first concentrated water after separation in the first module to upstream of the high pressure pump in the first flow path.

This invention uses multiple pairs of electrodes acting as electrical conductivity sensors that are secured at specific locations within spiral wound membrane elements and their interconnecting components of a reverse osmosis or nanofiltration pressure vessel. Each electrode pair might be attached to a wire cord to be inserted through and sealed against a vessel end cap into the permeate carrier tubes and interconnecting components of the membrane elements, or each electrode pair might be attached to a battery and a wireless transmitting device. Conductivity measurements from the sensors would be communicated to a microprocessor, which would evaluate each permeate conductivity measurement relative to other permeate conductivity measurements, as well as relative to derived or measured conductivities in the saline water in calculating a percent salt passage value specific to the location of each permeate sensor.

This invention uses multiple pairs of electrodes acting as electrical conductivity sensors that are secured at specific locations within spiral wound membrane elements and their interconnecting components of a reverse osmosis or nanofiltration pressure vessel. Each electrode pair might be attached to a wire cord to be inserted through and sealed against a vessel end cap into the permeate carrier tubes and interconnecting components of the membrane elements, or each electrode pair might be attached to a battery and a wireless transmitting device. Conductivity measurements from the sensors would be communicated to a microprocessor, which would evaluate each permeate conductivity measurement relative to other permeate conductivity measurements, as well as relative to derived or measured conductivities in the saline water in calculating a percent salt passage value specific to the location of each permeate sensor.