An ionic liquid and a forward osmosis process employing the same are provided. The ionic liquid has a structure represented by Formula (I)

AB.sub.n   Formula (I)

, wherein A is

##STR00001##

n is 1 or 2; m is 0, or an integer from 1 to 7; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently methyl or ethyl; k is an integer from 3 to 8; B is

##STR00002##

i is independently 1, 2, or 3; and j is 5, 6, or 7. The forward osmosis process employing the ionic liquid is used to desalinate a brine via a forward osmosis (FO) model.

Disclosed herein is a method for recovering an acid or a base during a metal extraction process. The method comprises contacting a feed stream comprising the acid or base and the metal with an ultrafiltration membrane to produce an ultrafiltration retentate and an ultrafiltration permeate, and contacting the ultrafiltration permeate with a nanofiltration membrane. The nanofiltration retentate produced comprises a majority of the metal from the feed stream, and the nanofiltration permeate produced comprises a majority of the acid or base from the feed stream. Also disclosed herein is a recovery apparatus for recovering an acid or a base during a metal extraction process.

The present disclosure provides a process for concentrating proteins including an ultrafiltering, a diafiltering, and a second ultrafiltering sequence, at elevated temperatures, such as above about 30° C. The disclosure also includes a process for preparing highly concentrated antibody compositions, and highly concentrated antibody products.

The present disclosure provides a process for concentrating proteins including an ultrafiltering, a diafiltering, and a second ultrafiltering sequence, at elevated temperatures, such as above about 30° C. The disclosure also includes a process for preparing highly concentrated antibody compositions, and highly concentrated antibody products.

We provide methods, systems, and apparatus for treatment of high chemical oxygen demand wastewater using anaerobic treatment with ceramic membranes. We also provide post-treatment using microbial fuel cells.

Method for filtering a platinum bath by electrodialysis, including consecutive steps of extracting fluid from the platinum bat by an extraction current; filtering the fluid extracted during the extraction step, carried out by electrodialysis in a filtering device having an electrodialysis reactor; supplying the platinum bath with the fluid from the filtering step, by a filtered bath current; all of these steps being carried out in a continuous flow.

The use of polymer separation membranes to selectively separate CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 from CH.sub.4 in a membrane separation step for purifying methane contained in an optionally pre-dried product gas mixture of a methanation method which contains CH.sub.4, H.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 is described. a) The separation is carried out at an operation temperature T.sub.B between 20 C. and 100 C.; and b) the polymer membranes b1) are able to simultaneously separate CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 from CH.sub.4, b2) have a higher selectivity for the separation of CO.sub.2 than of H.sub.2 from CH.sub.4, i.e., a ratio 1/2<1, and b3) have a glass transition temperature T.sub.g that is lower than the operation temperature T.sub.B.

The present invention provides a method for separation and recovery of boron trifluoride and complexes thereof in an olefin polymerization reaction. The method for separation and recovery of boron trifluoride and complexes thereof in an olefin polymerization reaction, comprising: 1) subjecting a mixture obtained after an olefin polymerization reaction to flash distillation separation to separate part of gaseous boron trifluoride; 2) subjecting the liquid phase obtained from the flash distillation separation to membrane separation to obtain complexes of boron trifluoride and a crude product of the olefin polymerization reaction; and 3) subjecting the crude product of the olefin polymerization reaction obtained in step 2) to gas stripping separation to separate the remaining gaseous boron trifluoride, so as to obtain a pure product of the olefin polymerization reaction The present invention designs a matching process based on the polymorphic characteristics of boron trifluoride and complexes thereof to achieve efficient separation of boron trifluoride and complexes thereof from polymerization intermediates.

A method for producing an ethanol solution includes obtaining, from a starting liquid, a liquid feed having less than by weight of constituents and having 3% to 25% by weight of ethanol, supplying the liquid feed to a feed stream inlet of a reverse osmosis separation system having a first pass, wherein (i) each pass has an reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit, each membrane filtration unit having an ethanol rejection percentage of between 50% to 99%, and (ii) each pass has the feed stream inlet for a feed stream, a permeate stream outlet for a permeate stream, and a retentate stream outlet for a retentate stream, operating the system to maintain pressure in one of the membrane filtration units in a range of 1,200 to 4,000 psi, and obtaining retentate that is enriched with ethanol, the retentate differs from the starting liquid by absence of the removed constituents.

An object of the present invention is to provide a chemical liquid which has excellent defect inhibition performance and hardly breaks a transfer pipe line that a device for manufacturing the chemical liquid includes at the time of manufacturing the chemical liquid. Another object of the present invention is to provide a chemical liquid storage body, a manufacturing method of a chemical liquid, and a manufacturing method of a chemical liquid storage body. The chemical liquid according to an embodiment of the present invention is a chemical liquid containing an organic solvent and an ion of at least one kind of atom selected from the group consisting of an Fe atom, a Cr atom, a Ni atom, and a Pb atom, in which in a case where the chemical liquid contains one kind of the ion, a content of the metal ion is 0.1 to 100 mass ppt, in a case where the chemical liquid contains two or more kinds of the ions, a content of each of the metal ions is 0.1 to 100 mass ppt, and a charge potential is equal to or lower than 100 mV.