The present invention relates to a separation device or system using a separation membrane, as a method of separating impurity ions other than hypochlorous acid from an aqueous solution containing hypochlorous acid as a main component, and provides a solution containing hypochlorous acid as a main component, having more excellent storage stability.

A method includes supplying a supersaturated brine stream having a plurality of minerals and anti-scalant from a water treatment system to a gypsum removal system disposed within a mineral removal system. The gypsum removal system includes a gypsum reactor that may receive the supersaturated brine, may deactivate the anti-scalant such that gypsum precipitates from the supersaturated brine, and may generate a gypsum slurry having a mixture of desupersaturated brine, precipitated gypsum, and the anti-scalant in solution with the desupersaturated brine. The method also includes supplying gypsum seed crystals to the gypsum reactor. The gypsum seed crystals may precipitate the gypsum from the supersaturated brine to generate the gypsum slurry. The method also includes directing a first portion of the gypsum slurry from the gypsum reactor to a gypsum settler. The gypsum settler may reactivate the anti-scalant such that the anti-scalant absorbs onto the precipitated gypsum to remove the anti-scalant from the desupersaturated brine and may generate anti-scalant-gypsum crystals and a desupersaturated overflow having at least a portion of the plurality of minerals. The method further includes generating the gypsum seed crystals supplied to the gypsum reactor using the anti-scalant-gypsum crystals.

A method includes supplying a supersaturated brine stream having a plurality of minerals and anti-scalant from a water treatment system to a gypsum removal system disposed within a mineral removal system. The gypsum removal system includes a gypsum reactor that may receive the supersaturated brine, may deactivate the anti-scalant such that gypsum precipitates from the supersaturated brine, and may generate a gypsum slurry having a mixture of desupersaturated brine, precipitated gypsum, and the anti-scalant in solution with the desupersaturated brine. The method also includes supplying gypsum seed crystals to the gypsum reactor. The gypsum seed crystals may precipitate the gypsum from the supersaturated brine to generate the gypsum slurry. The method also includes directing a first portion of the gypsum slurry from the gypsum reactor to a gypsum settler. The gypsum settler may reactivate the anti-scalant such that the anti-scalant absorbs onto the precipitated gypsum to remove the anti-scalant from the desupersaturated brine and may generate anti-scalant-gypsum crystals and a desupersaturated overflow having at least a portion of the plurality of minerals. The method further includes generating the gypsum seed crystals supplied to the gypsum reactor using the anti-scalant-gypsum crystals.

Provided are an apparatus for removing boron and a method for removing boron for reducing the boron concentration in water to be treated, and an apparatus and a method for producing pure water wherein the boron concentration is reduced. An apparatus for removing boron includes: a first electrodeionization device to which water to be treated is supplied; an ultraviolet oxidation device to which the water treated by the first electrodeionization device is supplied; an oxide removal device to which the water treated by the ultraviolet oxidation device is supplied; and a second electrodeionization device to which the water treated by the oxide removal device is supplied. A method for removing boron using the apparatus is provided. The oxide removal device is equipped with a platinum group metal catalyst, and the water that has been treated by the oxide removal device has a hydrogen peroxide concentration of less than 1 ppb.

A method of chemical extraction from an aqueous solution includes receiving an aqueous solution including dissolved inorganic carbon. The method also includes increasing a pH of a first portion of the aqueous solution to form a basic solution. The basic solution is then combined with a second portion of the aqueous solution to precipitate calcium salts. The calcium salts are then collected.

A method of making building materials from an aqueous solution includes receiving the aqueous solution with dissolved ions and increasing a pH of the aqueous solution so the dissolved ions precipitate from the aqueous solution as salt. The method also includes collecting the salt precipitated from the aqueous solution and forming the building materials from the salt.

A process for preparing a sunflower seed protein isolate and a protein isolate which is obtainable by such process. The process comprises the following steps: mixing a defatted seed meal with an aqueous NaCl solution at a basic pH; separating said solubilised protein solution from solids; diafiltering said solubilised protein solution through an ultrafiltration membrane system using an aqueous NaCl diafiltration NaCl solution and at least 2 diavolumes of said aqueous NaCl diafiltration solution, diafiltering said NaCl-diafiltered protein; concentrating said purified protein solution; and drying said purified protein concentrate to obtain a protein isolate.

Components, systems, and methods for producing highly hydrophilitic, functionalized inorganic filtration membranes, pre-treating organic and biological-containing waste waters for minimal membrane fouling and scaling when processed using such functionalized membranes, and use of such functionalized membranes of the present invention in filtration systems for separating such pre-treated waste waters, all with respect to optimal permeate production rates, purity of permeate and resistance to fouling and scale formation on the membranes.

Components, systems, and methods for producing highly hydrophilitic, functionalized inorganic filtration membranes, pre-treating organic and biological-containing waste waters for minimal membrane fouling and scaling when processed using such functionalized membranes, and use of such functionalized membranes of the present invention in filtration systems for separating such pre-treated waste waters, all with respect to optimal permeate production rates, purity of permeate and resistance to fouling and scale formation on the membranes.

Provided is a biological treatment method and an apparatus that allow organic wastewater from a manufacturing process of electronic devices to be neutralized efficiently during its biological treatment with a less neutralizer in contrast to excessive use thereof in the conventional biological treatment and thereby make it possible to reduce an amount of an inorganic coagulant used in the downstream coagulation step and to reduce salt loads in RO membrane separation and ion exchange treatment. Wastewater from a process of manufacturing electronic devices is passed sequentially through two or more biological treatment tanks that include at least two aerobic biological treatment tanks including the final-stage aerobic biological treatment tank while adding a neutralizer to the biological treatment tank or tanks except the final-stage biological treatment tank so that an M-alkalinity of the liquid in the final-stage biological treatment tank is maintained at not more than 50 mg/L as CaCO.sub.3.