A reverse osmosis prefilter system includes a recirculation chamber for accommodating one or more prefilter cartridges. The recirculation chamber is communicably interconnected to an inline water source and an RO filtration membrane. The recirculation chamber has a recirculation outlet and inlet which are communicably interconnected by an offline pump that recirculates prefiltered water repeatedly through the recirculation chamber and prefilter cartridges to remove particulates from the source water prior to delivery to the reverse osmosis filter membrane.

A multi-stage submerged membrane distillation water treatment apparatus including: a plurality of raw water tanks arranged in multiple stages ranging from a first stage to an n-th stage and storing raw water, the raw water flowing sequentially from the first stage to the n-th stage; membrane distillation (MD) modules submerged in the respective raw water tanks and discharging a portion of the raw water as vapor; heat exchangers submerged in the respective raw water tanks and maintaining the raw water at a predetermined temperature by performing heat exchange between the raw water and vapor supplied from the respective previous-stage MD modules; a vapor generator generating and supplying high-temperature vapor to the first-stage heat exchanger; a condenser condensing vapor supplied by the n-th-stage MD module; and a raw water feeder feeding low-temperature raw water to the first-stage raw water tank via the condenser.

An outlet (3) for fluid feed of a first membrane module (1a) is connected to a fluid inlet (2) of a second membrane module (1b), and if further membrane module(s) is/are present, the outlet (3) for fluid feed of a previous membrane module (n−1) is connected to the fluid inlet (2) of a following membrane module (n), and for the last membrane module (n), the outlet (3) for fluid feed is connected to the fluid inlet (2) for fluid feed of the first membrane module (1a). An amount of fluid feed is continuously pumped with pressure PB through a loop of n membrane modules that are serially connected, the fluid feed and permeate flow concurrently through each of the n membrane module(s), generated permeate is continuously drained from each membrane module through a permeate outlet, permeate pressure at the permeate outlet of each membrane module is controlled within a range.

A hyperfiltration system (10) and method for treating water including: a vessel (20) having a feed inlet (22), a permeate outlet (24), and a concentrate outlet (26); at least one spiral wound membrane element (28) located within the vessel (20); a pump (30) having a low pressure side (32) in fluid communication with a source of feed water (40) through a junction point (42) and a high pressure side (34) in fluid communication with the feed inlet (22); a permeate valve (50) connected to the permeate outlet (24) and adapted to selectively direct permeate flow between a treated water outlet (52) and the junction point (42); a flow path (60) between the concentrate outlet (26) and a discharge (62); and a flow restrictor (64) located along the flow path (60) and adapted to vary resistance to concentrate flow between a high and low value.

A hyperfiltration system (10) and method for treating water including: a vessel (20) having a feed inlet (22), a permeate outlet (24), and a concentrate outlet (26); at least one spiral wound membrane element (28) located within the vessel (20); a pump (30) having a low pressure side (32) in fluid communication with a source of feed water (40) through a junction point (42) and a high pressure side (34) in fluid communication with the feed inlet (22); a permeate valve (50) connected to the permeate outlet (24) and adapted to selectively direct permeate flow between a treated water outlet (52) and the junction point (42); a flow path (60) between the concentrate outlet (26) and a discharge (62); and a flow restrictor (64) located along the flow path (60) and adapted to vary resistance to concentrate flow between a high and low value.

A membrane process unit (MPU) is configured to receive a feed stream, subject the feed stream to membrane purification to generate a product stream and a concentrate stream, and subject the concentrate stream to energy recovery to provide at least a portion of energy for membrane purification. A concentrate recycle unit (CRU) is configured to receive the concentrate stream from the MPU, subject the concentrate stream to flow regulation to generate a waste stream and a recycled concentrate stream, and combine the recycled concentrate stream with a raw feed stream to generate the feed stream which is supplied to the MPU. At least one of a flow rate of the raw feed stream, a flow rate of the waste stream, or a flow rate of the recycled concentrate stream is varied, while each of a flow rate of the feed stream, a flow rate of the product stream, and a flow rate of the concentrate stream is maintained substantially fixed.

Membrane-based method of washing and deacidification of oils, wherein a stream of oil is conveyed from an oil reservoir along one side of porous hydrophobic membrane, and washing aqueous solution is conveyed along another side of this membrane. The membranes form hollow fibers, and their total surface area and porosity are large enough for efficient removal of fatty acids, water, ions and hydrophilic organic impurities from oil. Membrane pore size is small enough, so that hydrodynamic mixing of oil and aqueous solution does not take place. Additional stabilization of oil/water meniscus in the pores is achieved by transmembrane pressure difference.

The present teaching relates to method, system, medium, and implementations for storage management. A hash table is constructed, having an index file having one or more slots, each of which includes one or more buckets. Each bucket stores one or more types of records, including a direct record, an indirect record, and a forwarding record. A direct record stores data directly in a bucket of a slot of the index file. When a storage request is received related to some relevant data, the request is handled based on the constructed hash table.

A hybrid diafiltration system includes an intermediate tank, a feed pump and a single-pass concentration (SPC) module, feed and product flow diverting valves to affect a multi-step concentration, wash and final-concentration process with fewer recirculation passes than conventional systems.

A process for continuous purification of high-purity trimethylaluminum is provided. The process includes preparing a membrane separator, which is placed vertically for use, and arranging a condenser tube inside of the membrane separator and a heating tube outside of the membrane separator, and a disperser at the top of the membrane separator for dispersing a liquid. The liquid naturally flows down along the inner wall of the heating tube by gravity to form a membrane. The process further includes concentrating liquid components having a low boiling point which are collected by the condenser at different stages and concentrating liquid components having a high boiling point which are collected by the heating wall.