Disclosed are an extendable pressurized-type hollow fiber membrane module which facilitates improvement of filtrate quality through a multistep-filtration, enhanced easiness of installation and maintenance, decrease of footprint, and/or enlargement of filtration apparatus (without causing decrease of permeate flux of a unit hollow fiber membrane), and a filtration apparatus manufactured using the same. The filtration apparatus of the present invention comprises first and second pressurized-type hollow fiber membrane modules, wherein an inlet port of the first pressurized-type hollow fiber membrane module for introducing feed water and an outlet port of the second pressurized-type hollow fiber membrane module for discharging filtrate or air are coupled to each other.

A water filtration system may include a first receptacle configured to store source water, a second receptacle configured to store supply water, an RO filter disposed between the first receptacle and the second receptacle, and a bypass line configured to provide water from the RO filter back to the first receptacle for an initial predetermined amount of time, after which the bypass line is closed and the filtered water is provided to the second receptacle.

A blood processing apparatus may include a heat exchanger and a gas exchanger. At least one of the heat exchanger and the gas exchanger may be configured to impart a radial component to blow flow through the heat exchanger and/or gas exchanger. The heat exchanger may be configured to cause blood flow to follow a spiral flow path.

One aspect of the invention relates to a filter module comprising: a filter element having at least one filter medium which separates a filtrate side and a retentate side of the filter element from one another, and having a filter medium holder to which the filter medium is attached and which has at least one holder intake channel and at least one holder discharge channel, a first filter cartridge part having at least one first cartridge intake channel and at least one first cartridge discharge channel, a second filter cartridge channel having at least one second cartridge intake channel and at least one second cartridge discharge channel, wherein the filter medium holder is arranged in an arrangement position between the first filter cartridge part and the second filter cartridge part in a fluid-tight manner, wherein the at least one holder intake channel has a fluid connection with the at least one first cartridge intake channel and the at least one second cartridge intake channel, in order to form a module intake channel, wherein the at least one holder discharge channel has a fluid connection with the at least one first cartridge discharge channel and the at least one second cartridge discharge channel, in order to form a module discharge channel, wherein the module intake channel has a fluid connection with the retentate side of the filter medium and wherein the module discharge channel has a fluid connection with the filtrate side of the filter medium, and a modular filter system.

The disclosure relates to a container for a filter cartridge, and a filter set which comprises such a container. The container has a bottom with a drain line connecting a cavity for accommodating the filter cartridge with the outer side of the container, and a side wall. The bottom and the side wall form the cavity. The filter cartridge is filled with a filter material. In order to enable utilisation of both ion exchanger filter cartridges and reverse osmosis filter cartridges, the drain line includes an extension that can receive a throttle valve, e.g. an apertured diaphragm, when using a reverse osmosis filter cartridge and, in addition, includes a ball valve that is closed when the inserted filter cartridge is an ion exchanger filter cartridge, and open otherwise.

A spiral wound membrane module (2) comprising at least one membrane envelope (4) wound about a permeate collection tube (8), wherein the module (2) is characterized by a flow controller (54) located within or fixed to the permeate collection tube (8) that provides a flow resistance that varies as a function of permeate flow.

The invention provides an improvement in terms of control and process technology for a method of continuous removal of a component from a liquid mixture using a membrane unit comprising at least one membrane stage. The improvement is that at least some of the overall permeate stream obtained is recycled to the feed vessel and/or beyond the feed vessel but upstream of the conveying device. The presently disclosed method can especially be used for separation of a homogeneously dissolved catalyst from a liquid reaction mixture.

An orifice cavitation device is disclosed herein which promote cavitation at low operating pressures. An output opening has a sharp edge which facilitates cavitation. Moreover, an inner perimeter length may be increased by forming notches in the opening. Also, grooves may be formed on the inner surface of a funnel of the orifice cavitation device. The grooves may be straight and also spiral or slanted to encourage the water to rotate and increase shearing forces which also facilitates cavitation.

A cleaning method of a membrane filtration system in which a plurality of modules including an inlet side region and an outlet side region separated by a filtration membrane are connected in parallel by a common blow header pipe in the inlet side region, the method including backwashing and blowing in which after the backwashing is started, gas is introduced into the plurality of modules through a blow header pipe. The method further includes forming, before the blowing is started, a gas layer across an entire longitudinal direction of the blow header pipe.

Herein disclosed is a dialyzer, comprising: a housing defining a cavity comprising a first cavity region and a second cavity region which are communicated with each other by a pass-through passage; a plurality of hollow fiber membranes extending from the first cavity region to the second cavity region across the passage; a flow restricting structure located in an area of the passage so as to restrict flow of medical fluid, for example dialysate, between the first cavity region and the second cavity region; a first port and a second port each fluidly communicated with the first cavity region; and a third port and a fourth port each fluidly communicated with the second cavity region. Also disclosed is a corresponding system, comprising: the dialyzer described above, a blood line, and a medical fluid line, wherein the blood line and medical fluid line are fluidly connected with the dialyzer.