This invention relates to a vacuum air gap membrane distillation system for desalination purposes. More particularly, this invention relates to a membrane distillation system with multiple cells in which the system's flux is increased due to the temperature and pressure differential within the system. The configuration of the vacuum air gap membrane distillation system allows for latent heat within the system to be recycled effectively reducing the energy consumption of the system.

A method includes supplying feed water in a forward direction into a ceramic membrane treatment system at a first rate the ceramic membrane treatment system including at least one ceramic membrane (120), and determining production cycle data of the system, the production cycle data including one of more of accumulation data, feed pressure data, and time since last backflush. The method further includes determining optimal physical flux parameters based on the production cycle data and efficiency of a previous flux maintenance event, conducting a flux maintenance event including accelerated cleaning of the at least one ceramic membrane at a second rate by using a square step backwash rate based on optimal physical flux parameters. The squre step rate can be generated by ramping up pressure by a pump (220) against a closed valve (222) and a sudden openin of said valve.

The present disclosure provides a method for producing a water permeable molecular sieve in which a porous substrate having micron-size pores has deposited on a surface thereof non-porous 2D platelets to seal, at the substrate surface, pores in the porous substrate to form a layer of 2D platelets. A curable sealing material is deposited onto the layer of 2D platelets and any remaining exposed areas of the surface of the porous substrate and curing the curable sealing material in order to form a sealed layer on the surface of the porous substrate to prevent water by-passing the non-porous 2D platelets and passing through the porous substrate. An array of sub-nanopores are then produced through the sealed layer with the array of sub-nanopores having a size to allow water to pass therethrough but not metal ions to give a water permeable molecular sieve characterized by water permeability at low di?erential pressures.

A water storage tank built for a reverse osmosis water purifying system deploys multi water flow passages of purified water and drainage water, allocated a soft bladder unit receiving purified water encompassed by the waste water in the tank. When the water tank unit is fully filled with water, the water pressure activates the auto-shut-off valve or solenoid valve to stop operation of the reverse osmosis water purifying system. When the dispensing faucet is turned on, the drainage water swells to squeeze the soft bladder unit to deliver the purified water out from the soft bladder unit to the dispensing faucet, and the drainage water flushes the reverse osmosis membrane as well. The technique enables the tank to take the least water pressure resistance to hold water and drain water which results in energy saving and water saving.

Nitrox-mixtures production machine comprising: a molecular separator, which is structured so as to receive at inlet a flow of air and to provide at outlet an intermediate Nitrox mixture with high oxygen percentage; a low-pressure compressor, which is adapted to feed an airflow at inlet of the molecular separator; a mixing manifold, which communicates with the molecular separator so as to receive said intermediate Nitrox mixture, and is structured so as to mix the intermediate Nitrox mixture with fresh air coming from the outside, in order to provide at outlet a final Nitrox mixture with predefined composition; at least one oxygen sensor, which is adapted to measure the oxygen percentage present in said final Nitrox mixture; at least one pressure sensor, which is adapted to measure the air pressure in the molecular separator; and an electronic control device, which is connected to said at least one oxygen sensor and is adapted to regulate the flowrate of the airflow that is sucked in by the low-pressure compressor based on the signals coming from said at least one oxygen sensor and said at least one pressure sensor.

Nitrox-mixtures production machine comprising: a molecular separator, which is structured so as to receive at inlet a flow of air and to provide at outlet an intermediate Nitrox mixture with high oxygen percentage; a low-pressure compressor, which is adapted to feed an airflow at inlet of the molecular separator; a mixing manifold, which communicates with the molecular separator so as to receive said intermediate Nitrox mixture, and is structured so as to mix the intermediate Nitrox mixture with fresh air coming from the outside, in order to provide at outlet a final Nitrox mixture with predefined composition; at least one oxygen sensor, which is adapted to measure the oxygen percentage present in said final Nitrox mixture; and an electronic control device, which is connected to said at least one oxygen sensor and is adapted to regulate the flowrate of the airflow that the low-pressure compressor feeds at inlet of the molecular separator based on the signals coming from said at least one oxygen sensor.

A method of activating and dewatering sludge through application of acoustic pressure shock waves to wastewater.

Embodiments described herein are directed to methods of manufacturing a multi-leaf membrane module for filtering product fluid flow (e.g., food products or wastewater) and such multi-leaf membrane modules. In an embodiment, a multi-leaf membrane module is disclosed. The multi-leaf membrane module includes a permeate fluid flow tube defining a permeate fluid flow channel for permeate, and a membrane sheet spirally wound about the permeate fluid flow tube. The membrane sheet includes two or more leaves. Each of the two or more leaves includes a feed spacer including at least one opening formed therein that at least partially defines a feed channel for product fluid flow therethrough and a permeate structure defining a permeate fluid flow channel. The permeate structure of each of the two or more leaves includes at least one membrane and at least one porous permeate spacer.

A cassette comprising: a first reservoir arranged to couple to a first actuator for imparting flow to a cell-containing solution in a first direction through a filter; a second reservoir arranged to couple to a second actuator for imparting flow to a cell-containing solution in a second direction through the filter; the filter being in fluid communication with the first and second reservoirs, and when connected to a filtration unit is in further fluid communication to a sample inlet, and a sample outlet; wherein, the cassette is disposable and housed by a connector being removeably adjoinable to the filtration unit, the filtration unit comprising the first and second actuators and one or more valves.

According to one embodiment, a water treatment system includes a first chamber which accommodates water to be treated, a second chamber which accommodates a working medium which induces an osmotic pressure and an osmosis membrane which separates the first chamber and the second chamber from each other. The working medium is an aqueous solution which contains an acid having a hydroxy group in a side chain, or a metal salt thereof.