A filtration filter is suitable for performing cross-flow filtration by using a metallic porous membrane. A metallic porous membrane has a membrane portion for filtering filtration objects contained in a fluid and a held portion provided at its outer periphery. A first frame member and a second frame member hold the held portion of the metallic porous membrane there between. The held portion has a bent portion bent to a second principal surface side opposing a first principal surface of the membrane portion. The first frame member is in contact with the held portion at the first principal surface side of the metallic porous membrane. The second frame member is disposed at an inner side portion of the first frame member and is in contact with the held portion at the second principal surface side of the metallic porous membrane.

Wastewater is treated though primary treatment of the water by way of a micro-sieve to produce a primary effluent and primary sludge. There is secondary treatment of the primary effluent by way of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) or an integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor to produce a secondary effluent and a waste activated sludge. The micro-sieve may have openings of 250 microns or less, for example about 150 microns. In a process, a gas transfer membrane is immersed in water. Pressurized air flows into the gas transfer membrane. An exhaust gas is withdrawn from the gas transfer membrane and used to produce bubbles from an aerator immersed in the water.

Disclosed is a lithium recovery system for black mass, including: a heat treatment unit that performs heat treatment to convert the black mass into soluble substances and insoluble substances; a water leaching unit that leaches the heat-treated black mass with water to separate the heat-treated black mass into a water leaching solution, which contains lithium ions and carbonate ions, and insoluble substances; and an impurity removal unit that removes impurities contained in the water leaching solution by lowering pH of the water leaching solution through addition of carbon dioxide-containing gas to the water leaching solution.

The present invention relates to a method of operating a membrane filtration unit including plural hollow fiber membrane modules connected to each other in parallel, the method including: a filtration step; a collection step; and a recovery step, in which a relation of n.sub.1n.sub.2>n.sub.3 is satisfied, where n.sub.1 is the number of the hollow fiber membrane modules simultaneously used in executing the filtration step, n.sub.2 is the number of the hollow fiber membrane modules simultaneously used in executing the collection step, and n.sub.3 is the number of the hollow fiber membrane modules simultaneously used in executing the recovery step.

A membrane fouling monitoring and analysis system may be used on a food and beverage membrane operated over a plurality of production periods separated by daily clean-in-place cleanings. In some examples, the system receives data indicative of a flow of one or both of a permeate stream and a retentate stream of the membrane during the plurality of production periods and determines a trend of at least one parameter associated with the data to provide a determined trend. The system may compare the determined trend to a baseline fouling trend and determine if and/or when to perform a deep cleaning on the membrane based on comparison. The system may subsequently execute the deep cleaning on the membrane at the scheduled time.

The present invention includes: a first sealing portion which has a first entry/exit selectively opened or closed by a first opening/closing valve and a second entry/exit selectively opened or closed by a second opening/closing valve and is configured to seal one end of a housing; a second sealing portion which has a third entry/exit selectively opened or closed by a third opening/closing valve and a fourth entry/exit selectively opened or closed by a fourth opening/closing valve, and is configured to seal the other end of the housing; and a controller which is configured to control the supply of raw water through any one of the first entry/exit and the second entry/exit or control the supply of raw water through any one of the third entry/exit and the fourth entry/exit.

The present invention relates to a method of operating a membrane filtration unit including plural hollow fiber membrane modules connected to each other in parallel, the method including: a filtration step; a collection step; and a recovery step, in which a relation of n.sub.1n.sub.2>n.sub.3 is satisfied, where n.sub.1 is the number of the hollow fiber membrane modules simultaneously used in executing the filtration step, n.sub.2 is the number of the hollow fiber membrane modules simultaneously used in executing the collection step, and n.sub.3 is the number of the hollow fiber membrane modules simultaneously used in executing the recovery step.

A method (100) of filtering solids (41) from a solution (44) derived from blood plasma is disclosed. The method (100) comprises feeding (102) the solution (44) into a hollow fibre filter (12) at a feed rate, the hollow fibre filter (12) comprising a plurality of hollow fibres (38), each hollow fibre (38) comprising a membrane (36) defining an elongate hollow fibre channel (32). The method (100) further comprises filtering (104) the solution (44) using the hollow fibre filter (12) to produce a permeate (46) and a retentate (45), the permeate (46) passing through pores (37) of the membrane (36) at a trans-membrane pressure and the retentate (45) flowing from respective outlets of the elongate hollow fibre channels (32), wherein the permeate (46) has a reduced solids content with respect to the solution (44) fed into the hollow fibre filter (12).

Methods of operating membrane processes, such as seawater purification processes, are described herein. The methods generally include flowing seawater into a membrane purification process; recovering purified seawater and concentrated seawater from the membrane purification process; sensing operating parameters of the membrane purification process; determining a state of the membrane purification process from the operating parameters using a physical model; using a statistical model to resolve a time dependence of the state of the membrane purification process; using a recursive statistical process to update the statistical model; using the updated statistical model to predict a future state of the membrane purification process; comparing the predicted future state of the membrane purification process to a threshold state; and predicting a remaining time before the membrane purification process reaches the threshold state.

The present invention relates to a method for automated data processing to assess the state of multiple filtration membranes used in liquid filtration. The method involves receiving data from state sensors positioned within or near a set of membranes, which process incoming water into permeate and concentrate flows. This data, collected as time series at predefined frequencies, pertains to external physical parameters. An operating indicator is determined from this data, forming a second time series. Both the first and second time series are recorded as point clouds over a specified acquisition period. An intermediate operating indicator is generated, representing the state of new, clean, or cleaned membranes, using a learned normalization model. Finally, a normalized operating indicator is produced, characterizing membrane fouling and aging, independent of environmental variations, and forming a third time series. This method enhances the accuracy of membrane state assessment in filtration systems.