An ultrapure water manufacturing facility includes: a first tank; a plurality of reverse osmosis membranes sequentially arranged downstream of the first tank; an electrodeionization device arranged downstream of the plurality of reverse osmosis membranes; an ion exchange resin tower arranged downstream of the electrodeionization device and filled with a boron selective resin; and a chemical supplier arranged between the plurality of reverse osmosis membranes and configured to supply a pH regulator to treatment-target water.

A concentrated spent dialysate is produced for by reducing electrolytes in a spent dialysate by electrodialysis and de-watering the spent dialysate by a forward osmosis operation.

A hemodialysis treatment apparatus has an ultrafiltration unit for exchange of solutes of a patient's blood plasma and a dialysate, resulting in a stream of cleaned blood for returning to the patient and a stream of spent dialysate. An electrodialysis device reduces electrolytes in the spent dialysate. A forward osmosis unit with a membrane having a feed side and a draw side that is allows only water to permeate. A stream of spent dialysate from the ultrafiltration unit is in fluid communication with the feed side and a stream of concentrated dialysate is in fluid communication with the draw side. A stream of dialysate results. Blood plasma is pumped from the patient to the ultrafiltration unit.

A membrane distillation apparatus includes a housing and an impeller. The housing includes a hot medium compartment, a cold medium compartment, an air gap compartment, a membrane, and a thermally conductive plate. The hot medium compartment includes a hot medium inlet configured to receive a hot medium stream including water. The cold medium compartment includes a cold medium inlet configured to receive a cold medium stream. The membrane defines pores that are sized to allow water vapor originating from the hot medium stream to pass from the hot medium compartment through the membrane to the air gap compartment. The thermally conductive plate and the cold medium stream are cooperatively configured to condense the water vapor from the hot medium stream. The air gap compartment is substantially filled with air and includes a permeate outlet configured to discharge the condensed water vapor. The impeller is disposed within the air gap compartment.

The present disclosure is directed to methods and systems of purifying solvents. The purified solvents can be used for cleaning a semiconductor substrate in a multistep semiconductor manufacturing process.

Combustion systems are provided that can include a combustion assembly operatively engaged with an air intake, wherein the air intake performs air enrichment.

Methods for enriching air to a combustion assembly are also provided. The methods can include: forming an N.sub.2-rich stream and an O.sub.2-rich stream from a first air stream; supplementing a second air stream with the O.sub.2-rich stream to enrich the second air stream with O.sub.2; and combusting the enriched air stream.

Systems for separating CO.sub.2 from flue gas are also provided. The systems can include a vortex tube assembly operably coupled to a component of the system that provides pressurized N.sub.2.

Methods for heating or cooling components of a system for separating CO.sub.2 from flue gas are also provided. The methods can include: providing compressed nitrogen from one or more components of the system to a vortex tube to form a heated nitrogen stream and cooled nitrogen stream; providing the heated nitrogen stream to components benefiting from a heat source; and providing the cooled nitrogen stream to components benefiting from a cooling source.

Systems for separating CO.sub.2 from flue gas can also include a separation assembly that includes a membrane assembly configured to separate CO.sub.2 from N.sub.2.

Methods for separating CO.sub.2 from flue gas can also include providing a flue gas stream comprising CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 to a first membrane separation system to form a CO.sub.2-rich stream and an N.sub.2-rich stream.

A reverse osmosis system to be connected to a feed water conduit and producing permeate water is disclosed. The reverse osmosis system includes a plurality of tubular bodies each having a first end and a second end, a first inner end plate attached to the first end of the tubular bodies, and a second inner end plate attached to the second end of the tubular bodies. The plurality of tubular bodies houses a filter, a pump, and two reverse osmosis membranes therein. The plurality of tubular bodies is configured to be connected in in fluid communication with each other via channels disposed within the end plates.

The present invention provides compact spiral-wound filter elements having cassette-like performance. The invention further provides filtration systems (e.g., TFF systems) and processes (e.g., SPTFF processes) employing compact spiral-wound filter elements having cassette-like performance.

Algae harvesting and cultivating systems and methods for producing high concentrations of algae product with minimal energy. In an embodiment, a dead-end filtration system and method includes at least one tank and a plurality hollow fiber membranes positioned in the at least one tank. An algae medium is pulled through the hollow fiber membranes such that a retentate and a permeate are produced.

Algae harvesting and cultivating systems and methods for producing high concentrations of algae product with minimal energy. In an embodiment, a dead-end filtration system and method includes at least one tank and a plurality hollow fiber membranes positioned in the at least one tank. An algae medium is pulled through the hollow fiber membranes such that a retentate and a permeate are produced.

Disclosed are methods and apparatuses for separating a wax product from a hydrocarbon feedstream by a) conducting a hydrocarbon feedstream to a membrane separation zone; b) retrieving at least one retentate product stream from the first side of the membrane element; c) retrieving at least one permeate product stream having a wax phase and an oil phase from a second side of the membrane element, wherein a pour point of the wax phase of the permeate product stream is higher than a pour point of the oil phase of permeate product stream; and d) separating a wax product from the wax phase of the permeate product stream.