Disclosed are apparatus and methods for blood and other biological fluid purification using a membrane with cell containing vascular channel systems and filtration channel systems. Also disclosed are methods of making the apparatus as well as methods of making membranes.

A system and method for concentrating and capturing target material from a fluid sample, comprising directing a fluid sample containing a target material into a prefiltration cartridge, wherein the prefiltration cartridge further includes at least one prefilter, wherein the at least one prefilter further includes a plurality of stacked individual filters of predetermined diameters and pore sizes; directing the fluid sample from the prefiltration cartridge to a capture cartridge, wherein the capture cartridge further includes a capture filter disposed therein; capturing the target material on the capture filter; eluting the target material from the capture filter; and collecting the eluted target material.

A filter structure includes a housing having an inlet and an outlet; a first filter embedded in the housing and including a polymer membrane for filtering a first fluid flowing from the inlet into the housing; and a second filter embedded in the housing, filtering a second fluid filtered by the first filter, and including mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN).