Provided is a nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (RO) membrane made of a hard carbon film that has oil resistance and can efficiently separate not only ions in water but also dye molecules present in an organic solvent, a filtering filter, a two-layer-bonded-type filtering filter, and methods for manufacturing the same, using a nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (RO) membrane (10) made of a hard carbon film characterized by being made of a hard carbon film, having a thickness (t.sub.10) of from 5 nm to 300 nm, and having a maximum pore diameter of less than 0.86 nm.

The present invention provides a separation membrane and a separation membrane element capable of exhibiting a good water production performance even at a high temperature and also excellent handleability and quality. The separation membrane of the present invention includes a separation membrane main body having a feed-side face and a permeate-side face; and a permeate-side channel member fixed onto the permeate-side face of the separation membrane main body, and the permeate-side channel member includes polypropylene as a main component and satisfies the following requirements (a) to (c): (a) a softening point temperature is 60 C. or higher; (b) a tensile elongation in a standard state is 10% or more; and (c) a yield point stress under a wet condition at 50 C. is 2 MPa or more.

A spiral wound membrane module is suitable for use with high temperature water that may also have a high pH, for example steam injection produced water. The module uses a membrane with a polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) backing material. The feed spacer of the module may be made from polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) or ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE). The permeate carrier may be made of a woven nylon (i.e. nylon 6, 6) fabric coated with high temperature epoxy. The core tube and anti-telescoping device may be made of polysulfone. In some examples, the module may be used at a temperature of up to 130 C. Optionally, the module may be used at a pH of 9.5 or more. In a filtration method, the module may be operated at a pressure in the range of 150 to 450 psi. The module may be operated at a generally constant pressure.

Provided are a polyethylene microporous membrane, a method for manufacturing the same, and a separator including the microporous membrane. According to an embodiment, a polyethylene microporous membrane which has a thickness of 3 m to 30 m, a puncture strength of 0.15 N/m or more, a shrinkage rate in the transverse direction of 5% or less as measured after being allowed to stand at 121 C. for 1 hour, and a PS index represented by the following Equation 1 of 110 or more is provided:
PS index=[gas permeability (10.sup.31 5 Darcy)porosity (%)]+[shrinkage rate (%) in the transverse direction at 121 C.]. [Equation 1]

There is provided a filtration system comprising a first vessel, a second vessel and a separation layer. The first vessel is adapted to receive a liquid phase. The second vessel is in fluid communication with the first vessel and is adapted to receive a permeate of the liquid phase. The separation layer separates the first vessel and the second vessel. The separation layer is porous and the pores allow for the filtering of the liquid phase. The separation layer comprises a graphitic material, crosslinkers and a polymer coating.

Provided are a polyethylene microporous membrane, a method for manufacturing the same, and a separator including the microporous membrane. According to an embodiment, a polyethylene microporous membrane which has a thickness of 3 m to 30 m, a puncture strength of 0.15 N/m or more, a shrinkage rate in the transverse direction of 5% or less as measured after being allowed to stand at 121 C. for 1 hour, and a PS index represented by the following Equation 1 of 110 or more is provided:

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}& \left[\mathrm{Equation}1\right]\end{array}$$\mathrm{PS}\mathrm{index}=\left[\mathrm{gas}\mathrm{permeability}\left({10}^{-5}\mathrm{Darcy}\right)\mathrm{porosity}\left(\%\right)\right]\left[\mathrm{shrinkage}\mathrm{rate}\left(\%\right)\mathrm{in}\mathrm{the}\mathrm{transverse}\mathrm{direction}\mathrm{at}121C.\right].$

A mixed matrix membrane that includes polyvinylidene fluoride and TiN nanoparticles may be useful solar-driven surface heating membrane distillation. The plasmonic character of the TiN nanoparticles may locally heat the membrane when exposed to sunlight, which increases the distillation flux across the membrane. Said distillation methods may be particularly useful for treating laundry wastewater to collect distilled water with a reduced concentration of chemical oxygen demand, a reduced concentration of total dissolved solids, and a reduce conductivity. The distilled water may be repurposed for a variety of purposes including agricultural irrigation with significant less impact on the aquatic ecosystem compared to the laundry wastewater.

An improved strength microporous membrane is described herein. The microporous membrane may be useful as a battery separator, separator membrane, base film, or membrane with a variety of uses thereof. The improved microporous membranes described herein may be dry process polyolefin membranes and may be used as battery separators or as a component of a composite or battery separator. The battery separators or composites may be used in energy storage devices including primary batteries, secondary batteries, fuel cells, capacitors, or super capacitors.

A metal-organic framework material separation membrane and a preparation method for the metal-organic framework material separation membrane are provided. The metal-organic framework material separation membrane has a base membrane and a metal-organic framework material functional layer. The metal-organic framework material functional layer comprises has an inter-embedded polyhedron structure. The preparation metal-organic framework material separation membrane includes the steps of: (1) preparing a solution containing a first organic solvent, an organic ligand, a metal compound, and an auxiliary agent; (2) subjecting a base membrane to a pretreatment, involving introducing, on the surface of the base membrane, metal atoms from the metal compound of step (1); and (3) mixing the pretreated base membrane of step (2) with the solution of step (1) to obtain a first mixture, and then heating the first mixture for reaction, so as to prepare a metal-organic framework material separation membrane.