A filtering device is for obtaining a chemical liquid by purifying a liquid to be purified and has an inlet portion, an outlet portion, a filter A, a filter B different from the filter A, and a flow path extending from the inlet portion to the outlet portion, in which the filter A and the filter B are arranged in series between the inlet portion and the outlet portion and have, and the filter A is selected from the group consisting of predetermined filters A1, A2, and A3.

A membrane assembly of an energy and vapor exchanger includes a gas-permeable membrane having a first major surface that faces a gas flow and a second major surface that faces a liquid desiccant flow. An inlet region is proximate an inlet edge of the gas-permeable membrane. The inlet region includes a vortex generator that creates a vortex in the gas flow as it moves from the inlet edge to an outlet edge of the gas-permeable membrane. The vortex enhances mixing of fluids along the gas-permeable membrane.

Exemplary embodiments in desalination by direct contact membrane distillation present a cylindrical cross-flow module containing high-flux composite hydrophobic hollow fiber membranes. The present embodiments are directed to a model that has been developed to describe the observed water production rates of such devices in multiple brine feed introduction configurations. The model describes the observed water vapor production rates for different feed brine temperatures at various feed brine flow rates. The model flux predictions have been explored over a range of hollow fiber lengths to compare the present results with those obtained earlier from rectangular modules which had significantly shorter hollow fibers.

The present disclosure provides surface functionalized affinity membranes. The surface functionalized affinity membranes can provide increased binding capacity through improved coupling chemistries, ligand densities, spacer arm types, and spacer arm lengths. Methods of preparing the surface functionalized affinity membranes and methods of using the surface functionalized affinity membranes to isolate targets of interest, including nucleic acid molecules and proteins, from a sample are also provided.

The present disclosure relates to a porous fluorine-based resin composite membrane having excellent water repellency and oil repellency, and a method for producing the same.

In this disclosure, a process of recycling acid, base and the salt reagents required in the Li recovery process is introduced. A membrane electrolysis cell which incorporates an oxygen depolarized cathode is implemented to generate the required chemicals onsite. The system can utilize a portion of the salar brine or other lithium-containing brine or solid waste to generate hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and carbonate salts. Simultaneous generation of acid and base allows for taking advantage of both chemicals during the conventional Li recovery from brines and mineral rocks. The desalinated water can also be used for the washing steps on the recovery process or returned into the evaporation ponds. The method also can be used for the direct conversion of lithium salts to the high value LiOH product. The method does not produce any solid effluent which makes it easy-to-adopt for use in existing industrial Li recovery plants.

A filtering device is for obtaining a chemical liquid by purifying a liquid to be purified and has an inlet portion, an outlet portion, a filter A, a filter B different from the filter A, and a flow path extending from the inlet portion to the outlet portion, in which the filter A and the filter B are arranged in series between the inlet portion and the outlet portion and have, and the filter A is selected from the group consisting of predetermined filters A1, A2, and A3.

Method and apparatuses for forming gel droplets including biological tissue (e.g., cells), and in particular, methods and apparatuses for removing oil from the gel droplets comprising dissociated cells (including micro-organospheres) are described herein. Although it is beneficial to use oil in the formation of these gel droplets, and particularly micro-organospheres, oil may inhibit growth and survival of the cells within the gel droplets. The methods and apparatuses described herein may permit the removal of oil and may enhance survival and quality of the resulting gel droplets.

The present invention relates to a method of filtering an oil, the method including the following steps (A) and (B): (A) allowing a hydrophobic gas to permeate through a porous membrane including a hydrophobic polymer as a main component; and (B) allowing an oil to permeate through the porous membrane, in which the step (B) is performed after the hydrophobic gas that has permeated through the porous membrane is confirmed to have a relative humidity of 0 to 60% in the step (A).

Articles including poly(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl methacrylate) or poly(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acrylate), fluoropolymers that do not form perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) when they degrade and that exhibit unexpectedly good oil repellency, are described. A method of making a fluoropolymer-containing article includes depositing a fluoropolymer-liquid mixture onto porous filtration medium by contacting the porous filtration medium with a mixture comprising a fluoropolymer and a liquid to form the treated porous filtration medium; and removing the liquid. The fluoropolymer includes poly(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl methacrylate) or poly(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acrylate). Methods of using the article are further described.