A wet cleaning apparatus that cleans an item with carbon dioxide gas-dissolved water produced by dissolving carbon dioxide gas in ultrapure water, the wet cleaning apparatus including: a carbon dioxide gas-dissolving unit that dissolves carbon dioxide gas in ultrapure water; a cleaning unit that cleans an item, the cleaning unit receiving carbon dioxide gas-dissolved water fed from the carbon dioxide gas-dissolving unit; and a filtration membrane module disposed on a pipe through which the carbon dioxide gas-dissolved water is fed to the cleaning unit, the filtration membrane module being filled with a porous membrane including a cationic functional group.

Initial film layers prepared from tin(II) chloride spontaneously generate open cavities when the initial film layers are thermally cured to about 400 C. using a temperature ramp of 1 C./minute to 10 C./minute while exposed to air. The openings of the bowl-shaped cavities have characteristic dimensions whose lengths are in a range of 30 nm to 300 nm in the plane of the top surfaces of the cured film layers. The cured film layers comprise tin oxide and have utility in gas sensors, electrodes, photocells, and solar cells.

Initial film layers prepared from tin(II) chloride spontaneously generate open cavities when the initial film layers are thermally cured to about 400 C. using a temperature ramp of 1 C./minute to 10 C./minute while exposed to air. The openings of the bowl-shaped cavities have characteristic dimensions whose lengths are in a range of 30 nm to 300 nm in the plane of the top surfaces of the cured film layers. The cured film layers comprise tin oxide and have utility in gas sensors, electrodes, photocells, and solar cells.

Initial film layers prepared from tin(II) chloride spontaneously generate open cavities when the initial film layers are thermally cured to about 400 C. using a temperature ramp of 1 C./minute to 10 C./minute while exposed to air. The openings of the bowl-shaped cavities have characteristic dimensions whose lengths are in a range of 30 nm to 300 nm in the plane of the top surfaces of the cured film layers. The cured film layers comprise tin oxide and have utility in gas sensors, electrodes, photocells, and solar cells.

A compact and transportable equipment adapted to be used for hydraulic fracturing operations on gas or oil fields includes a means for unloading powder polymer, a means for supplying a polymer powder to a silo, and a silo for storing polymer in powder form, the silo having inside a vertical screw located in a vertical pipe, the lower end of the shaft of the vertical screw extending outside of the silo. The equipment has a feed hopper of a polymer metering device, a device for metering out the powder polymer, at least one tank for hydrating and dissolving the dispersed polymer originating from the dispersing and grinding device, and at least one volumetric pump enabling injection and metering of the polymer solution. The lower end of the shaft of the vertical screw has a rotating ring, the rotating ring being perpendicularly fixed on the shaft and being equipped with at least three straight paddles, positioned perpendicularly to the horizontal plan of the ring.