A system includes a source, a detector, and a controller. The source is configured to emit electromagnetic energy toward two plies of film. A portion of the emitted electromagnetic energy is within a range of wavelengths. The detector is arranged to detect electromagnetic energy propagating away from the two plies of film. The detector detects electromagnetic energy within the range of wavelengths and generates signals indicative of intensity of detected electromagnetic energy. The controller controls operation of the foam-in-bag system based the signals from the detector. The film is transmissive of electromagnetic energy in the range of wavelengths. When dispensed between the two plies of film, one or both of foaming chemical precursors or foam formed from a reaction thereof is opaque to electromagnetic energy in the range of wavelengths.

A dosing system includes a dispensing apparatus that receives first and second fluids from respective input sources. The first fluid is modified by an electrolytic cell assembly to produce an output fluid, and the second fluid flows through the electrolytic cell assembly or bypasses the electrolytic cell assembly. The dispensing apparatus includes a cartridge system supporting chemical cartridges having a concentrated solution and a mechanism to dispense the solution. At least two chemical cartridges with different concentrated solutions, and each chemical cartridge selectively fluidly communicates with the output fluid and the second fluid. The dispensing apparatus also includes an interface and a controller programmed to perform instructions including receiving a request from the interface, mixing the concentrated solutions and the first or second fluid input sources, and dispensing a product defining a dilution including the first and second fluid input sources and the chemical solutions.

A dosing system includes a dispensing apparatus that receives first and second fluids from respective input sources. The first fluid is modified by an electrolytic cell assembly to produce an output fluid, and the second fluid flows through the electrolytic cell assembly or bypasses the electrolytic cell assembly. The dispensing apparatus includes a cartridge system supporting chemical cartridges having a concentrated solution and a mechanism to dispense the solution. At least two chemical cartridges with different concentrated solutions, and each chemical cartridge selectively fluidly communicates with the output fluid and the second fluid. The dispensing apparatus also includes an interface and a controller programmed to perform instructions including receiving a request from the interface, mixing the concentrated solutions and the first or second fluid input sources, and dispensing a product defining a dilution including the first and second fluid input sources and the chemical solutions.

A device and apparatus for mixing and dispersing a solid and a liquid are provided. The device includes a powder pulverizing mechanism fixedly connected to a main shaft. The powder pulverizing mechanism is located in a powder feed chamber. The powder feed chamber is provided with a powder feed port. A liquid feed chamber is arranged on an outer side of the powder feed chamber. The liquid feed chamber is provided with a liquid feed port, and the liquid feed chamber is provided therein with a dispersing mechanism fixedly connected to the main shaft. A lower portion of the liquid feed chamber and a lower portion of the powder feed chamber are separately in communication with an upper portion of a mixing chamber. The mixing chamber is provided therein with an impeller fixedly connected to the main shaft.

A pulping machine includes a frame, a mixing device, and a dispersing device. The frame has a mixing chamber and a dispersing chamber, the mixing device is accommodated in the mixing chamber, the dispersing device is accommodated in the dispersing chamber; the dispersing chamber has a liquid inlet, the mixing chamber has a liquid outlet, the liquid inlet, the dispersing chamber, the mixing chamber and the liquid outlet are sequentially communicated; the mixing chamber also has a powder material inlet, the powder material inlet, the mixing chamber and the liquid outlet are sequentially communicated along a flow direction of powder material; the liquid outlet is connected with a filter device.

Processes for processing bio-sourced oil to produce bio-sourced oil dielectric fluids can be carried out using an apparatus mounted on a mobile transport platform system having a total footprint of no more than about 30 m.sup.2. The processes use a described array of pumps, heaters, filters, a degasser and vacuum system, and an additive metering/mixing valve system to achieve production under low energy and pressure conditions.

A method may include determining a first dry mass flow rate of a wet paper material stream based on a first amount of contaminants, a first moisture content, and a first wet mass flow rate of the wet paper material stream, determining a second dry mass flow rate of a wet plastic material stream based on a second amount of contaminants, a second moisture content, and a second wet mass flow rate of the wet plastic material stream, calculating, using the first dry mass flow rate and the second dry mass flow rate, a paper/plastic ratio of a combined stream of the paper material stream and the plastic material stream, and adjusting, a flow rate of paper into the paper material stream and a flow rate of plastic into the plastic material stream such that the calculated paper/plastic ratio of the combined stream equals a target paper/plastic ratio.

Provided herein are methods and compositions utilizing one or more cementitious replacement materials, one or more alkaline activating materials, and, optionally one or more bonding materials and/or one or more setting time enhancer materials.

A carbonation machine with integrated water treatment. The carbonation machine may include a carbonation system for carbonating water in a bottle attached to a carbonation head of the system, a detachable water reservoir, configured to be mounted on a base with an outlet port to allow outward flow of water from the reservoir, piping connecting the outlet port of the water reservoir to transfer water from the detachable reservoir and to pour the water into the bottle, a pump for pumping water out of the water reservoir and transfer the pumped water via the piping, a controller configured to control the pump, and one or more water treatment components fluidically connected to the piping to apply water treatment to water flowing through the piping.

Provided is a method for preparing an oligomer including: supplying a monomer stream and a solvent stream to a reactor to perform an oligomerization reaction to prepare a reaction product; supplying a discharge stream from the reactor including the reaction product to a separation device and supplying a lower discharge stream from the separation device to a settling tank; adding an organic flocculant to the settling tank to settle and remove a polymer and supplying the lower discharge stream from the separation device from which the polymer is removed to a high boiling point separation column; and removing a high boiling point material from the lower portion in the high boiling point separation column and supplying an upper discharge stream including an oligomer to a solvent separation column.