A SCWO reactor fouling prevention and mitigation system that includes at least one feedstock tee which provides a feedstock to the SCWO reactor, at least one feedstock tee pressure sensor, such that each of the at least one feedstock tee has one of the at least one feedstock tee pressure sensor, at least one pressure sensor proximate a SCWO reactor inlet, and at least one pressure sensor proximate a SCWO reactor outlet. Also included is a controller which triggers a Clean In Place (CIP) procedure when there is a pressure difference between any two of the following, the SCWO reactor inlet, the at least one feedstock tee, and the SCWO reactor outlet. The CIP procedure includes washing a portion of the SCWO reactor with a fluid supplied through the at least one feedstock tee.

The machinery and methods disclosed herein are based on the use of a specialized extruder configured to continuously convey and plasticize/moltenize selected lignocellulosic biomass and/or waste plastic materials into a novel variable volume tubular reactor, wherein the plasticized/moltenized material undergoes reaction with circumferentially injected supercritical water—thereby yielding valuable simple sugar solutions and/or liquid hydrocarbon mixtures (e.g., “neodiesel”), both of which are key chemical commodity products. The reaction time may be adjusted by changing the reactor volume. The machinery includes four zones: (1) a feedstock conveyance and plasticization/moltenization zone; (2) a steam generation and manifold distribution zone; (3) a central supercritical water reaction zone; and (4) a pressure let-down and reaction product separation zone. The machinery and methods minimize water usage—thereby enabling the economic utilization of abundant biomass and waste plastics as viable renewable feedstocks for subsequent conversion into alternative liquid transportation fuels and valuable green-chemical products.

This invention concerns oil production, particularly, units fitted with linear downhole motor driven displacement pumps and may be used for production of stratum fluids from marginal well stock at large depths. This increases reliability and improves power performance of the unit including a fully integrated plunger pump fitted with discharge valves and gravity gas separator with non- return valve skid above fitted with a coupling for fastening the oil-well pumping unit to flow tubing, the downhole linear motor mounted below the plunger pump, slider upstroke damper, slider down-stroke damper as well as telemetry unit mounted below the linear motor with measuring transducers connected to temperature sensors fitted in the linear motor and linked to a ground- based control unit through a neutral wire of linear motor windings; the ground-based control unit is designed as a three-phase high-frequency inverting controller and output transformer connected to the downhole linear motor through insulated three-wire cable.

The present invention describes a process for a controlled conversion of a biomass feedstock, wherein the process comprises the steps of: loading the biomass feedstock to at least one reactor; liquefaction of the biomass feedstock into a monomer and/or oligomer sugar mixture in said reactor by treatment in hot compressed liquid water (HCW) at sub- and/or super-critical condition; and removal of the monomer and/or oligomer sugar mixture, being the product molecules, to avoid continued detrimental decomposition.

A pyrolytic reactor comprising a fuel injection zone, a combustion zone adjacent to the fuel injections zone, an expansion zone adjacent to the combustion zone, a feedstock injection zone comprising a plurality of injection nozzles and disposed adjacent to the expansion zone, a mixing zone configured to mix a carrier stream and feed material and disposed adjacent to the feedstock injection zone, and a reaction zone adjacent to the mixing zone. The plurality of injection nozzles are radially distributed in a first assembly defining a first plane transverse to the feedstock injection zone and in a second assembly transverse to the feedstock injection zone.

There are provided a graphene having an oxygen atom content in a predetermined range or less and a carbon/oxygen weight ratio in a specific range to show excellent electrical and thermal conductivity properties, and a barrier property, and a method and an apparatus for preparing the graphene having excellent electrical and thermal conductivity properties and a barrier property by using a subcritical-state fluid or a supercritical-state fluid. According to the method and the apparatus for preparing the graphene, impurities such as graphene oxide, and the like, may be effectively removed, such that uniformity of the graphene to be prepared may be increased, and therefore, the graphene which is highly applicable as materials throughout the industry may be mass-produced.

The invention discloses a method for producing bio-fuel (BF) from a high-viscosity biomass using thermo-chemical conversion of the biomass in a production line (10) with pumping means (PM), heating means (HM) and cooling means (CM). The method has the steps of 1) operating the pumping means, the heating means and the cooling means so that the production line is under supercritical fluid conditions (SCF) to induce biomass conversion in a conversion zone (CZ) within the production line, and 2) operating the pumping means so that at least part of the production line is in an oscillatory flow (OF) mode. The invention is advantageous for providing an improved method for producing biofuel from a high-viscosity biomass. This is performed by an advantageous combination of two operating modes: supercritical fluid (SCF) conditions and oscillatory flow (OF).

The invention relates to a method and a device for producing nanoparticles of organic substances, in particular by controlled expansion of pressurized solutions. The method comprises: admixing the organic substance and a supercritical fluid to form a mixture at a first pressure; decreasing the first pressure gradually to a second pressure so that a flow of the mixture is formed and nucleation of the organic substance in the mixture is initiated; and, decreasing the second pressure to a third pressure, so that solidification of the fluid of the mixture, comprising the nucleated organic substance, is initiated. The device comprises: a pressure chamber (1) for a mixture of the organic substance and a supercritical fluid; a collection chamber (5) for the nanoparticles; an outlet tube (2) connecting the pressure chamber to the collection chamber (5); and, one or more second nozzles (6). The outlet tube is provided with a pressure controlling means (3) configured to control pressure of the mixture within the outlet tube and a first nozzle (4) configured to allow expansion of the mixture to the collection chamber.

The present invention relates to the field of heat exchangers, especially those having a plurality of tubular fluid channels formed as intertwined coils, with each of the centre paths of the coils forming a helix, and to a reactor for supercritical water oxidation comprising such a heat exchanger.

Technologies are presented for reducing corrosion M supercritical water gasification through seeded sacrificial metal particles. The metal panicles may be seeded into one or more material input streams through high pressure injection. Once distributed in the SCWG reactor, the metal particles may corrode preferentially to the metal SCWG reactor walls and convert into metal oxides that precipitate out above the supercritical point of water. The precipitated metal oxides may then be collected downstream of the SCWG reactor to be reprocessed back into seed metal at a smelter. The seeded metal particles may complete a process material cycle with limited net additional waste.