A reactor system for thermally treating a hydrocarbon-containing stream, that includes a pressure containment vessel comprising an interior chamber and a heat transfer medium that converts electrical current to heat and is positioned within the interior chamber of the pressure containment vessel, wherein the heat transfer medium comprises a first end face, a second end face, and channels extending between the first end face and the second end face. A process for thermally treating a hydrocarbon-containing stream includes introducing the hydrocarbon-containing stream into the reactor system, pressurizing the pressure containment vessel and the heat transfer medium without heating the pressure containment vessel or the heat transfer medium, supplying electrical current to the heat transfer medium, converting the electrical current to heat, heating the hydrocarbon-containing stream, and converting the hydrocarbon-containing stream to an effluent stream.

An autoclave system comprises an autoclave vessel 210, for performing a leaching operation on sacrificial ceramic cores (not shown) and a storage vessel 220 for containing caustic leaching fluid 230. Interposed in a fluid flow path between the vessel 210 and the tank 220 is a heat exchange unit 240, comprising a body 250 containing a thermal exchange medium, in the form of water 260, and first and second thermal exchange conduits represented at 270 and 280. A thermal exchange medium inlet pipe 290a and a thermal exchange medium outlet pipe 290b are provided to the body so that the medium 260 can be replenished, preferably substantially continuously, to optimize thermal transfer efficiency.

An autoclave system comprises an autoclave vessel 210, for performing a leaching operation on sacrificial ceramic cores (not shown) and a storage vessel 220 for containing caustic leaching fluid 230. Interposed in a fluid flow path between the vessel 210 and the tank 220 is a heat exchange unit 240, comprising a body 250 containing a thermal exchange medium, in the form of water 260, and first and second thermal exchange conduits represented at 270 and 280. A thermal exchange medium inlet pipe 290a and a thermal exchange medium outlet pipe 290b are provided to the body so that the medium 260 can be replenished, preferably substantially continuously, to optimize thermal transfer efficiency.

The invention relates to a pressure vessel, having: a reaction chamber (2) as a pressure space for the initiation and/or facilitation of chemical and/or physical pressure reactions of samples (P) accommodated in the reaction chamber (2); a fluid inlet (20) with a feed valve (21) which is adjustable between an open position, for the feed of a fluid, preferably a flushing gas, into the reaction chamber (2), and a closed position, for stopping the feed of the fluid; a fluid outlet (30) with a discharge valve (31), which is adjustable between an open position, for the discharge of a fluid out of the reaction chamber (2), and a closed position, for stopping the discharge of the fluid out of the reaction chamber (2); and an oxygen sensor (33) for detecting an oxygen content in the reaction chamber (2). The pressure vessel (1) furthermore has a control device which is configured to control the feed valve (21) and the discharge valve (31) on the basis of the oxygen content detected by the oxygen sensor (33), such that the reaction chamber (2) is flushed via the feed and discharge valves (21, 31) situated in the open position, and at least the discharge valve (31) switches from the open position into the closed position as soon as a predetermined oxygen content is undershot. The invention also relates to a corresponding method.

The invention relates to a pressure vessel, having: a reaction chamber (2) as a pressure space for the initiation and/or facilitation of chemical and/or physical pressure reactions of samples (P) accommodated in the reaction chamber (2); a fluid inlet (20) with a feed valve (21) which is adjustable between an open position, for the feed of a fluid, preferably a flushing gas, into the reaction chamber (2), and a closed position, for stopping the feed of the fluid; a fluid outlet (30) with a discharge valve (31), which is adjustable between an open position, for the discharge of a fluid out of the reaction chamber (2), and a closed position, for stopping the discharge of the fluid out of the reaction chamber (2); and an oxygen sensor (33) for detecting an oxygen content in the reaction chamber (2). The pressure vessel (1) furthermore has a control device which is configured to control the feed valve (21) and the discharge valve (31) on the basis of the oxygen content detected by the oxygen sensor (33), such that the reaction chamber (2) is flushed via the feed and discharge valves (21, 31) situated in the open position, and at least the discharge valve (31) switches from the open position into the closed position as soon as a predetermined oxygen content is undershot. The invention also relates to a corresponding method.

Provided is a method and system for making powdered Fe.sub.16N.sub.2. The method can include sealing iron powder and a fixed amount of ammonia (NH.sub.3) gas within a pressure vessel. The pressure of the fixed amount of ammonia gas in the pressure vessel can be elevated so that Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 can be formed from the iron powder. Use of a pressure vessel and a fixed amount of ammonia gas can provide economic and environmental benefits such as higher conversion rates of iron powder into Fe.sub.16N.sub.2, reduced ammonia gas use, and reclamation of used ammonia gas.

Provided is a method and system for making powdered Fe.sub.16N.sub.2. The method can include sealing iron powder and a fixed amount of ammonia (NH.sub.3) gas within a pressure vessel. The pressure of the fixed amount of ammonia gas in the pressure vessel can be elevated so that Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 can be formed from the iron powder. Use of a pressure vessel and a fixed amount of ammonia gas can provide economic and environmental benefits such as higher conversion rates of iron powder into Fe.sub.16N.sub.2, reduced ammonia gas use, and reclamation of used ammonia gas.

A SCWO reactor fouling prevention and mitigation system that includes at least one feedstock tee which provides a feedstock to the SCWO reactor, at least one feedstock tee pressure sensor, such that each of the at least one feedstock tee has one of the at least one feedstock tee pressure sensor, at least one pressure sensor proximate a SCWO reactor inlet, and at least one pressure sensor proximate a SCWO reactor outlet. Also included is a controller which triggers a Clean In Place (CIP) procedure when there is a pressure difference between any two of the following, the SCWO reactor inlet, the at least one feedstock tee, and the SCWO reactor outlet. The CIP procedure includes washing a portion of the SCWO reactor with a fluid supplied through the at least one feedstock tee.

A SCWO reactor fouling prevention and mitigation system that includes at least one feedstock tee which provides a feedstock to the SCWO reactor, at least one feedstock tee pressure sensor, such that each of the at least one feedstock tee has one of the at least one feedstock tee pressure sensor, at least one pressure sensor proximate a SCWO reactor inlet, and at least one pressure sensor proximate a SCWO reactor outlet. Also included is a controller which triggers a Clean In Place (CIP) procedure when there is a pressure difference between any two of the following, the SCWO reactor inlet, the at least one feedstock tee, and the SCWO reactor outlet. The CIP procedure includes washing a portion of the SCWO reactor with a fluid supplied through the at least one feedstock tee.

The present invention provides an apparatus for regasifying gas hydrate pellets that includes: a cylinder; a piston coupled to an inside of the cylinder and configured to reciprocate up and down; a pellet providing part coupled to an one side of the cylinder in such a way that supply of gas hydrate pellets to the cylinder is adjusted by having one end thereof opened and closed by reciprocation of the piston; a pressure adjusting space having one end thereof coupled to a lower portion of the cylinder; a door formed in the pressure adjusting space and configured to define the pressure adjusting space; a transfer part having one end thereof coupled to the other end of the pressure adjusting space and configured to transfer the gas hydrate pellets; and a regasification part coupled to the other end of the transfer part and having heating water therein to allow regasification of the transferred gas hydrate pellets.