A methane production system comprises: a reaction tank that produces methane and water by reacting CO and/or CO.sub.2 supplied to the reaction tank with hydrogen; a cleaning tank that is located at an upstream side of the reaction tank in a supply direction of the CO and/or CO.sub.2, and removes water-soluble impurities from a raw material gas including the CO and/or CO.sub.2 and the water-soluble impurities by bringing the raw material gas into contact with water; and a first supply line that supplies the raw material gas from which the water-soluble impurities are removed from the cleaning tank to the reaction tank; and a second supply line supplies water produced in the reaction tank from the reaction tank to the cleaning tank to bring the produced water into contact with the raw material gas in the cleaning tank.

Provided herein are methods of producing acrylic acid from beta-propiolactone. Such methods may involve the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, such as a zeolite.

An equal flow scale catcher device, or EFSC, is designed based on a unique scale catching technology for a reactor. With multiple scale catching modules, the EFSC offers equal flows to a catalyst bed or distribution tray of the reactor, independent of each module's degree of saturation with particles of an incoming fluid during operation. Thus, the innovative EFSC system achieves substantial uniformity of fluid delivery across the distribution tray of the reactor and the static pressure field above the liquid level on the distribution tray. Further, the EFSC effectively captures solid particles in the incoming fluid to the reactor and solid particles that form at the top head of the reactor. The EFSC employs a modular structure that allows optimal configuration of the scale catching modules and scale catching units inside each scale catching module, thus efficiently facilitating simple and efficient installation, maintenance, and/or replacement of the EFSC.

An apparatus includes a riser reactor within the reaction vessel. The riser reactor defines a longitudinal axis and including a riser reactor inlet at one end and at least one riser reactor outlet at an opposite end. The apparatus includes a separation vessel including at least one separation chamber and at least one collection chamber distributed in an alternating manner about the longitudinal axis. Each separation chamber comprises two vertical lateral walls which also comprise a wall of an adjacent one of the at least one collection chamber. A lateral separation chamber outlet is defined in at least one of the vertical lateral walls to provide fluid and particle communication from the lateral separation chamber to the adjacent one of the at least one collection chamber. The separation vessel includes at least one collection chamber deflector positioned in the at least one collection chamber.

An apparatus for extraction and recovery of components from biomass feedstocks with pressurized low polarity water. The apparatus is configured with four or more reaction columns, wherein each column is in separate communication with a supply of hot water, a first supply of pressurized heated water, a second supply of pressurized heated water, and a supply of pressurized cooling water. Components may be extracted concurrently from two or more batches of the biomass by, first placing the two batches of biomass into two selected columns, separately flooding the two columns with pressurized water, heating the columns and their contents to the point where the water becomes pressurized low polarity (PLP) water, recovering the PLP water comprising the extracted components from the two selected columns, cooling the columns with PLP water, and removing the spent biomass material from the columns.

A discharge device is provided. The discharge device includes a liquid feed-discharger, and the liquid feed-discharger includes a feed unit configured to feed a liquid and a discharge unit having discharge holes configured to discharge the liquid fed by the feed unit. A ratio (X/Y) of a maximum cross-sectional area X (mm.sup.2) to a minimum cross-sectional area Y (mm.sup.2) of the liquid feed-discharger in a direction orthogonal to an axial direction of the liquid feed-discharger is from 1 to 5.

A device for rapidly preparing β-Si3N4 by gas-solid reaction and a method thereof, and relates to the technical field of recycling and reuse of waste fine silicon powder. The bottom of a stock bin communicates with a first opening and closing passage, a first connection passage, and the top of a first transitional bin; the bottom of the first transitional bin communicates with the first opening and closing passage, a second connection passage, and the top of a reaction bin; the bottom of the reaction bin communicates with a second opening and closing passage, the first connection passage, and the top of a second transitional bin; the bottom of the second transitional bin communicates with the top of a conveying passage through the first opening and closing passage; a material outlet of the conveying bin communicates with the collection bin.

Methods and systems for on-site, continuous generation of peracid chemistry, namely peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions, are disclosed. In particular, an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system is designed for on-site generation of peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions from sugar esters. Methods of using the in situ generated peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions are also disclosed.

Methods and systems for temperature-controlled, on-site generation of peracids, namely peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions are disclosed. In particular, methods for using an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system overcome the limitations of temperature on the kinetics of the peracid generation and/or peracid decomposition inside an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system. The methods include the controlling of the temperature of at least one raw starting material, namely water, to improve upon methods of on-site generation of peracids. The methods allow for the generation of user-selected chemistry without regard to the ambient temperatures of the raw starting materials and/or the biocide formulator or generator system.

A benzene selective hydrogenation reaction system and a method are provided. The system includes a benzene refiner, a first hydrogenation reactor, a second hydrogenation reactor and a separator which are connected in sequence. The first hydrogenation reactor is provided with a first inlet and a first outlet, and the second hydrogenation reactor is provided with a second inlet and a second outlet. The first inlet is connected to the discharge port of the benzene refiner; the first outlet is connected to the second inlet; the second outlet is connected to the separator. The catalyst outlet is connected to the first hydrogenation reactor for recycling the catalyst into the first hydrogenation reactor. Two micro-interface units are respectively disposed within the first hydrogenation reactor and the second hydrogenation reactor, and the micro-interface units are used for dispersing and breaking hydrogen into micro-bubbles with a micron-scale diameter.