The invention is directed to a chemical reactor (100) having (a) two or more gas reactor elements (12) with each gas reactor element (12) having (i) a first reaction chamber (38), and (ii) a feed assembly unit (36), (b) a second reaction chamber (20) coupled with each of the two or more gas reactor elements (12) and configured to independently receive two or more product streams from the two or more gas reactor elements (12); and optionally, (c) a gas converging section (40) located downstream to the second reaction chamber (20). The invention is further directed to a method of producing chemical products using the chemical reactor (100) of the present invention.

An ethylene cracking furnace is provided. The ethylene cracking furnace includes at least one radiant section. The at least one radiant section includes bottom burners and/or sidewall burners, and at least one radiant coil arranged in the radiant section. The radiant coil includes at least an upstream pass tube and a downstream pass tube, the upstream pass tube being configured as an inner tube, and the downstream pass tube being configured as an outer tube surrounding the inner tube and having a closed end. The inner tube defines an inner space forming an upstream flow path. A gap defined between the inner tube and the outer tube forms an downstream flow path.

A process is provided for utilizing polypropylene-containing waste plastic. The process provides pyrolyzing a plastic feed in a pyrolysis reactor to obtain a pyrolysis effluent stream. The process further provides passing the pyrolysis effluent stream to a distillation column to obtain a C.sub.9 hydrocarbons rich stream which is also dimethylheptenes rich and then passing the C.sub.9 hydrocarbons rich stream to a reforming unit to provide a reformate stream. The process further provides passing the reformate stream to a transalkylation unit to provide a mixed-xylenes stream.

A system and method for torrefying a combination of biomass and biochar colloidal dispersion is provided.

A method for the conversion of a carbonaceous material. The method comprising the steps of providing a carbonaceous material, providing a hot powder material and contacting the carbonaceous material and the powder material in an atmosphere configured to no more than partially oxidize carbon to CO.sub.2. The carbonaceous material is at least a partial converted into volatiles. The volatiles are separated from the additional components by specific gravity.

A method for producing an electrode comprising a core-shell nanocomposite material of which the core is made from silicon and the shell from carbon is provided. The method includes A) synthesising the nanocomposite material by pyrolysing a silicon core to form a core and then pyrolysing a a carbon shell precursor to form a carbon shell around the core, wherein the quantities of silicon and carbon precursor are injected in a proportion such that the mass percentage of carbon in the nanocomposite material is greater than or equal to 45%; B) dispersing the nanocomposite material synthesised in step A) in a solvent to form an ink; C) applying this ink to a support intended to form an electricity collector; D) eliminating the solvent from the ink applied to the support in step C) to obtain the electrode; E) pressing or calendaring the electrode.

A hybrid plasma or ionic reactor includes the basic components of both a plasma jet reactor and a plasma arc reactor, which components operate simultaneously to provide hot ionic gas and electrical arcing within a reaction chamber in a manner that significantly increases processing of material within the reaction chamber. Additionally, an improved plasma or ionic reactor uses multiple sets of arc electrodes disposed around a reaction chamber in a unique offset manner that operates to create a larger area in the center of the reaction or plasma chamber where the arcs travel between an anode and a cathode of a pair of electrodes, thereby effectively increasing the size of the reaction zone in which the arcs are present. Still further, an improved plasma or arc reactor includes structure to introduce, from multiple different electrodes, a working or cooling gas, used to cool the electrodes and provide for plasma creation within a reaction chamber, in a manner that causes the gas to flow in a sustained vortex across the width of the chamber, which aids in the creation of a confined or directed stream of gas within the reaction chamber which further aids in the creation of stable arcs in the chamber.

A method for transforming waste into carbon in a reactor, said method comprising: a) drying the waste by submitting said waste to a pressure of at least 3 bar, and a temperature of at least 250° C.; b) releasing the water vapor out of the reactor, and; c) carbonizing at least partially the waste by maintaining said waste during a period of time of at least 5 minutes to a pressure of at least 3 bar, and a temperature of at least 250° C., thereby obtaining carbon; and d) optionally separating non-organic material from the obtained carbon.

A drag chain carbonizer is provided with a system and methods for anaerobic thermal transformation processing to convert waste into various solid carbonized products and varied further co-products. The drag-chain carbonizer includes an adjustable bed depth mechanism, a heating mechanism, a pressure management mechanism, and a chain tensioning mechanism containing at least one position sensor for communication of an actuator position to at least one programmable logic controller (PLC). Carbonaceous waste is transformed into useful co-products that can be re-introduced into the stream of commerce at various economically advantageous points. Depending upon the input materials and the parameters selected to process the waste, including real time economic and other market parameters, the system adjusts co-products output to reflect changing market conditions.

The present disclosure relates generally to new forms of portable energy generation devices and methods. The devices are designed to covert formic acid into released hydrogen, alleviating the need for a hydrogen tank as a hydrogen source for fuel cell power.