An actuator is provided that includes a housing, a linear actuating shaft disposed within the housing, a piston coupled with the shaft, and a fluid barrier disposed on an end of the shaft and encircled by the piston. The piston is movable longitudinally between an extended configuration and a retracted configuration upon rotation of the shaft. The fluid barrier engages an inner surface of the piston preventing fluid communication across the fluid barrier. The fluid barrier has a shaft engaging side which receives the shaft and a fluid facing side. A cavity is formed between the piston and the fluid facing side and expands when the piston moves to the extended configuration and contracts when the piston moves to the retracted configuration. A port is disposed in the piston and extends from the cavity to external the piston thereby permitting fluid communication between the cavity and external the piston.

Methods for determining ethylene concentration in an ethylene oligomerization reactor using an ultrasonic flow meter are described, and these methods are integrated into ethylene oligomerization processes and related oligomerization reactor systems.

Methods for determining ethylene concentration in an ethylene oligomerization reactor using an ultrasonic flow meter are described, and these methods are integrated into ethylene oligomerization processes and related oligomerization reactor systems.

The present invention describes an improved catalytic reactor system with an improved catalyst that transforms CO.sub.2 and low carbon H.sub.2 into low-carbon syngas with greater than an 80% CO.sub.2 conversion efficiency, resulting in the reduction of plant capital and operating costs compared to processes described in the current art. The inside surface of the adiabatic catalytic reactors is lined with an insulating, non-reactive surface which does not react with the syngas and effect catalyst performance. The improved catalyst is robust, has a high CO.sub.2 conversion efficiency, and exhibits little or no degradation in performance over long periods of operation. The low-carbon syngas is used to produce low-carbon fuels (e.g., diesel fuel, jet fuel, gasoline, kerosene, others), chemicals, and other products resulting in a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuel derived products.

The present invention provides a multistage single reactor system for hydroprocessing and a process of carrying out multistage hydroprocessing in the said reactor assembly consisting of, a fixed bed solid catalyst system, a feed injection system enabling axial flow of hydrogen saturated hydrocarbon feed, a hydrogen dispensing system inside the reactor enabling minimum required hydrogen flow in cross-flow pattern, also using multitudes of integrated separation and withdrawal limbs for continuous staging. The innovative reactor disclosed in the present invention enables continuous separation and withdrawal of gaseous products along the reactor length by means of combined horizontal reactor orientation and vertical separation limbs provided at the top of the horizontally oriented reactor. The advantage of the reactor assembly includes effective heat sink of exothermic reactions and lower severity of operation due to removal of inhibitory gaseous products.

By this invention processes are provided for the conversion of carbohydrate to ethylene glycol by retro-aldol catalysis and sequential hydrogenation using control methods having at least one of acetol (hydroxyacetone) and a tracer as inputs.

A process for preparing a polyurethane polymer comprises the step of: I) mixing a first component (100) comprising a polyisocyanate with a second reactant component (200) comprising a compound having Zerewitinoff-active hydrogen atoms in a mixing vessel (300) to obtain a reaction mixture (400), wherein the first reactant component (100) and/or the second reactant component (200) are contacted with a catalyst bed (500) before they are mixed in the mixing vessel (300) and/or the reaction mixture (400) is contacted with a catalyst bed (500), wherein the catalyst bed (500) contains a catalyst reversibly sorbed on a substrate, the catalyst catalyses the reaction of isocyanate groups with themselves or with Zerewitinoff-active compounds and the catalyst is released into the first component (100), second component (200) or reaction mixture (400) that is in contact with the catalyst bed (500), such that a reaction mixture (410) containing the catalyst is obtained.

A fixed-bed multi-tubular reactor for producing an alkenyl acetate by a gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction of a lower olefin, acetic acid and oxygen including a plurality of reaction tubes, a thermometer protection tube inserted into at least one of the plurality of reaction tubes, a thermometer inserted into the thermometer protection tube, and a shield disposed above the reaction tube into which the thermometer protection tube is inserted and attached to the thermometer protection tube, wherein an effective projection region of the shield entirely covers the inlet opening of the reaction tube into which the thermometer protection tube is inserted.

The present disclosure relates to a device for accurately measuring photocatalytic efficiency. Additional embodiments of the present disclosure further relate to a method of utilizing the disclosed device, for example, to obtain accurate measurements of photocatalytic efficiency and a photocatalyst compatible with the device in the present disclosure. Application of the present disclosure may include the quantification of photocatalytic light conversion metrics such as in a research environment.

Methods for determining ethylene concentration in an ethylene oligomerization reactor using an ultrasonic flow meter are described, and these methods are integrated into ethylene oligomerization processes and related oligomerization reactor systems.