A method of assistance and documentation of a filling of tubular reactors comprising recording of filling materials and fill levels of filling materials and documenting the filling materials used, fill levels and results of a catalysis process of tubular reactors produced in such a way.

Proposed is a process for producing methanol from synthesis gas by means of multi-stage, for example two-stage, heterogeneously catalyzed methanol synthesis, wherein the methanol product formed in every synthesis stage is separated by condensation and the remaining residual gas is supplied to the downstream synthesis stage or after separation of a purge stream recycled to the first synthesis stage as a recycle stream. According to the invention after each synthesis stage the residual gas streams have separated from them a respective purge stream, from which, using one or more hydrogen recovery apparatuses, hydrogen is separated and recycled to the first synthesis stage. The ratio of the individual purge streams and their total molar flow may optionally be varied to allow better control of the reaction in the individual synthesis stages and to allow reaction to the advancing deactivation of the catalysts present therein.

A feed stream is flowed to a catalytic reactor. The catalytic reactor includes a non-thermal plasma and a catalyst. The feed stream includes hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. The feed stream is contacted with the catalyst in the presence of the non-thermal plasma at a reaction temperature, thereby converting the hydrogen sulfide and the carbon dioxide in the feed stream to produce a product. The product includes a hydrocarbon and sulfur. The product is separated into a product stream and a sulfur stream. The product stream includes the hydrocarbon from the product. The sulfur stream includes the sulfur from the product.

Methods for monitoring catalytic chemical reactions are provided. Such a method may comprise (a) exposing a solid surface to conditions to induce a chemical reaction of reactants at an interface formed between the solid surface and a liquid crystal, wherein the solid surface catalyzes the chemical reaction and the liquid crystal is characterized by an anchoring orientation that changes during the chemical reaction; and (b) measuring the anchoring orientation of the liquid crystal at one or more time points and at one or more locations on the solid surface during step (a). Systems for carrying out the methods are also provided.

A reactor for carrying out a chemical reaction, which has a reactor vessel and one or more reaction tubes, wherein power input elements for electrical heating of the reaction tube(s) are guided into the reactor vessel. It is provided that the power input elements each have a rod-shaped section that, in each case, runs at a wall passage through a wall of the reactor vessel in such a way that a connection chamber into which the rod-shaped sections project is arranged outside the reactor vessel and adjacently to the wall of the reactor vessel through which the rod-shaped sections run at their wall passages, and that cooling panels through which a cooling fluid can flow are provided in the connection chamber and are arranged between at least two or between at least two groups of the rod-shaped sections that project into the connection chamber.

The invention relates to a process for producing phosgene by gas phase reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine in the presence of a catalyst in a reactor that comprises a plurality of contact tubes arranged parallel to one another, which contact tubes are filled with the catalyst and around which at least one fluid heat transfer medium flows, a feed stream of a mixture of a chlorine input stream and a carbon monoxide input stream being conducted into the contact tubes and reacted to form a phosgene-containing product gas mixture, characterised in that the product gas mixture is discharged from the contact tubes at an outlet end of the contact tubes. The method according to the invention is characterised in that the gas phase reaction is carried out in the reactor such that the position of the highest temperature in a contact tube (hot spot) moves along the longitudinal axis of the contact tube at a predetermined rate of migration, the hot spot having a rate of migration in the longitudinal direction of the contact tubes which is in the range of 1 to 50 mm per day. The invention also relates to a reactor for carrying out the process.

A fuel oxygen reduction unit is provided that includes an inlet fuel line and an outlet fuel line; an oxygen transfer assembly in fluid communication with the inlet fuel line, the outlet fuel line, and a stripping gas flowpath for reducing an amount of oxygen in an inlet fuel flow through the inlet fuel line using a stripping gas flow through the stripping gas flowpath; a catalyst in communication with the stripping gas flowpath at a location downstream of the oxygen transfer assembly, the catalyst configured to reduce an oxygen content of the stripping gas flow through the stripping gas flowpath; and a recuperative heat exchanger in airflow communication with the stripping gas flowpath at a location downstream of the catalyst and upstream of the catalyst for exchanging heat from the stripping gas flow flowing from the catalyst with the stripping gas flow flowing through the recuperative heat exchanger at the location upstream of the catalyst.

A fixed-bed multi-tubular reactor for producing an alkenyl acetate by a gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction of a lower olefin, acetic acid and oxygen including a plurality of reaction tubes, a thermometer protection tube inserted into at least one of the plurality of reaction tubes, a thermometer inserted into the thermometer protection tube, and a shield disposed above the reaction tube into which the thermometer protection tube is inserted and attached to the thermometer protection tube, wherein an effective projection region of the shield entirely covers the inlet opening of the reaction tube into which the thermometer protection tube is inserted.

A fuel cell system and method, the system including a hotbox, a fuel cell stack disposed in the hotbox, an anode tail gas oxidizer (ATO) disposed in the hotbox, and a fuel exhaust processor fluidly connected to the hotbox. The fuel exhaust processor includes a first hydrogen pump configured to extract hydrogen from the anode exhaust received from the fuel cell stack and to output the hydrogen to a first hydrogen stream provided to the fuel cell stack, a second hydrogen pump configured to extract hydrogen from anode exhaust output from the first hydrogen pump and to output the hydrogen to the first hydrogen stream, and a third hydrogen pump configured to extract hydrogen from anode exhaust output from the second hydrogen pump and to output the hydrogen to a second hydrogen stream provided to the ATO.

Processes and systems related to solid phase peptide synthesis are described. The processes include a flow-through process comprising cyclic addition of amino acids to a column packed with resin, wherein each cycle includes the combination of the amino acids with one or more reagents to provide an activated amino acid mixture, and wherein heating is applied to the amino acid(s) before they are passed through the column and wherein the amino acids are re-circulated at least once over the column packed with resin. Systems for such processes are also described.