A cyclic metals deactivation system unit for the production of equilibrium catalyst materials including a cracker vessel configured for cracking and stripping a catalyst material; and a regenerator vessel in fluid communication with the cracker vessel, the regenerator vessel configured for regeneration and steam deactivation of the catalyst material.

A feeding arrangement for feeding lignocellulosic biomass material such as annual plant material towards a hydrolysis process includes at least one transportation device for transporting the biomass material towards the treatment process; and at least one tearing roll arranged at a predetermined distance from the at least one transportation device and being provided with tearing protrusion. The at least one tearing roll is arranged with a predetermined distance to the at least one transportation device to tear off parts of the transported material to provide a substantially continuous flow of material.

Disclosed is a boron recovering device including: an aeration-type water-channel reactor including a water channel; at least one aeration unit disposed in the water channel and aerating a boron-containing solution by passing it through the water channel to deposit boron in the form of borax; and a precipitation bath precipitating the deposited borax in the boron-containing solution having passed through the aeration-type water-channel reactor and separating a filtrate by overflowing, a boron recovering device, a method of recovering boron, and a boron recovering system.

A device for centering a temperature measurement device inside a tube reactor that will be filled with catalyst, including a single inflatable bladder mechanically and fluidically attached to a centering ring.

Methods and systems for transferring feed materials between zones having substantially different pressures, where the transfer can be continuous or semi-continuous. The methods and systems include a plurality of lock hoppers to receive feed material from a low pressure zone and pressurize it with fluid to a pressure of a high pressure zone. The pressurized material can be discharged to a circulation loop, which carries the pressurized material to one or more receiving unit(s) of a pressurized system. At least some feed material remains in the receiving unit(s) and at least a portion of the fluid exits to become part of the circulation loop. After discharge, the lock hoppers can be depressurized so the next pressurization cycle can begin with additional feed material. The lock hoppers can be operated in a time-staggered manner to provide continuous or semi-continuous transfer of material.

In a catalyst carrier for insertion in a reactor tube of a tubular reactor, the catalyst carrier includes a container for holding catalyst in use. The container has a bottom surface closing the container, and a top surface. A carrier outer wall extends from the bottom surface to the top surface. A seal extends from the container by a distance which extends beyond the carrier outer wall. The carrier outer wall has apertures located below the seal.

Reactor for catalytic chemical reactions comprising a catalyst bed with an annular-cylindrical form crossed by a radial flow or mixed axial-radial flow, wherein the bed is delimited by cylindrical walls made gas-permeable by means of slits and the catalyst bed is formed by particles of catalyst with a nominal minimum size such that: the ratio between a transverse dimension of the slits and the nominal minimum size of the particles of catalyst is smaller than or equal to 0.6; the catalyst bed contains no more than 3% by weight of particles with an actual size smaller than said nominal size.

The invention provides a shut down method for a process for the preparation of glycols from a starting material comprising one or more saccharides in the presence 5 of hydrogen and a catalyst system comprising one or more retro-aldol catalysts comprising tungsten and one or more catalytic species suitable for hydrogenation in a reactor, said method comprising removing the one or more retro-aldol catalysts from the reactor whilst also in the presence of one or more agents suitable to suppress tungsten precipitation.

A system for preventing a catalyst from overheating is provided. The system includes: a first reactor filled with a catalyst at least in part and configured to receive reaction gas and produce product gas; and a second reactor configured to cool a catalyst discharged from the first reactor. The catalyst is circulated between the first reactor and the second reactor by injecting the catalyst cooled in the second reactor into the first rector.

The invention relates to a catalyst system for producing maleic anhydride by means of the catalytic oxidation of n-butane, comprising at least one reactor tube, which has two catalyst layers consisting of different catalyst particles, characterized in that the geometric surface area per catalyst particle is greater in the catalyst layer that is first in the gas flow direction than in the second catalyst layer. The invention further relates to a process for producing maleic anhydride by means of the catalytic oxidation of n-butane, wherein a mixture of oxygen and n-butane is fed through the catalyst system according to the invention and the at least one reactor tube is at elevated temperature.