A closed loop combustion system for the combustion of fuels using a molten metal oxide bed.

Reactor for the synthesis of melamine from urea, in accordance with the high-pressure non-catalytic process, comprising: a vertical reactor body (1), at least one inlet (2) for the urea melt, a set of heating elements (3), and a central duct (7), said set of heating elements (3) being arranged inside said central duct.

A device for producing hydrogen (H.sub.2) and solid carbon by thermal decomposition of a feed gas (Z) containing hydrocarbons, including a pyrolysis reactor with a reaction chamber and a collecting chamber, the reaction chamber containing a liquid high-temperature heat transfer medium; a reactor feed line opening into the reaction chamber; a feed for the feed gas, the feed connected to the reactor feed line; a heating device for supplying heat to the reaction chamber; a discharge device in the collecting chamber for discharging a mixture of substances(S) from the collecting chamber; a separation device outside the pyrolysis reactor, the discharge device connected to the separation device via a discharge line, the separation device for separating the mixture of substances into at least the components solid carbon and hydrogen (H.sub.2) or a gas mixture containing hydrogen (H.sub.2); and a compressor for compressing the fluid supplied to the reactor feed line.

A cured polymer prepared by reacting: low molecular weight, rigid, organic monomers, with molten elemental sulfur, followed by curing the prepared polymer, wherein the cured polymer is transparent to mid-wave infrared (MWIR) light and long-wave infrared (LWIR) light.

A semiconductor phosphide injection synthesis system and a control method are provided, which belong to the technical field of preparation of semiconductor phosphides. The semiconductor phosphide injection synthesis system includes a furnace body, a shielding carrier box arranged above the furnace body by virtue of a lifting mechanism, a phosphorus source carrier arranged in the shielding carrier box, an injection pipe arranged below the phosphorus source carrier, and a crucible arranged at an inner bottom of the furnace body in a matched manner. The phosphorus source carrier includes a phosphorus source carrier main body, a phosphorus source carrier upper cover, a heating element base arranged at an inner bottom of the phosphorus source carrier main body, and a heating element arranged on the heating element base; a heat insulation layer is wrapped on an outer wall of the phosphorus source carrier; and an induction coil is arranged between the heat insulation layer and an inner wall of the shielding carrier box. By improving a device and method, the system stability can be improved, and an entire synthesis system achieves quantitative synthesis, which lowers the risk of explosion of the phosphorus source carrier.

Systems for hydrocarbon pyrolysis are provided, which may comprise a reactor configured to contain a liquid metal; a heater operably coupled to the reactor to form a heating zone; a cooler operably coupled to the reactor to form a cooling zone; a gas delivery assembly comprising an inlet and configured to deliver a feed gas comprising a hydrocarbon as a plurality of bubbles through the liquid metal; an outlet configured to deliver a product gas to a separation assembly, the product gas formed from pyrolysis of the hydrocarbon in the liquid metal, the product gas comprising H.sub.2 and carbon; and the separation assembly configured to separate the carbon from other components of the product gas. The reactor is configured to entrain the carbon from pyrolysis of the hydrocarbon in the liquid metal into the product gas without accumulating the carbon in the interior chamber during pyrolysis.

A methane cracking apparatus includes a supply pipeline that supplies a gas, a reactor having an interior space, and in which a catalyst for decomposing the gas may be disposed in the interior space, an agitator provided in the interior space and that agitates a material in the interior space, a first discharge pipeline connected to the reactor and that discharges decomposition materials generated as the gas may be decomposed, and a second discharge pipeline connected to the reactor, that discharges the decomposition materials, and disposed on an upper side of the first discharge pipeline.

The invention provides methods and apparatuses for converting a solid carbon source to graphite by precipitation from a molten metal (e.g., molten iron) as well as graphite prepared from the methods and apparatuses.

The invention relates to a process for preparation of chlorine from hydrogen chloride comprising circulating a liquid melt comprising copper ions Cu.sup.n+ with n being a number in the range from 1 to 2, alkali cations and chloride ions Cl in a reactor system comprising three bubble lift reactors I, II and III, each comprising a reaction zone i, ii and iii respectively, wherein: (a) in the reaction zone i of the first bubble lift reactor I, a liquid melt comprising copper ions Cu.sup.n+, alkali cations and chloride ions Cl is contacted with oxygen at a temperature in the range from 395 to 405 C. so that the molar ratio Cu.sup.n+:Cu.sup.+ in the liquid melt increases, obtaining a liquid melt having an increased molar ratio Cu.sup.n+:Cu.sup.+ (b) the liquid melt obtained in (a) is circulated to the reaction zone ii in the second bubble lift reactor II, where the liquid melt is contacted with hydrogen chloride at a temperature in the range from 395 to 405 C. so that water is formed, obtaining a liquid melt being enriched in chloride anions (CI) compared to the liquid melt obtained according to (a); (c) circulating the liquid melt obtained in (b) to the reaction zone iii in the third bubble lift reactor III, which is operated at a temperature in the range from 420 to 430 C. so that chlorine (Cl.sub.2) is formed, wherein Cl.sub.2 is removed from the reaction zone iii and the third bubble lift reactor III respectively in gaseous form, leaving a liquid melt depleted of Cl-compared to the liquid melt obtained according to (b). The invention further relates to a reactor system comprising three bubble lift reactors I, II and III.

A pyrolysis process comprises introducing one or more chemical reactants into a reactor containing a liquid maintained at a high temperature, producing chemical products in the liquid based on the high temperature, allowing the solid product to grow in particle size, accumulating the solid product in the liquid, and removing the solid product from the reactor while retaining a substantial portion of the liquid within the reactor. The chemical products comprise a solid chemical product that is mixed with the liquid.