A reaction system includes a wellbore extending from a surface into a subterranean heat source. The reaction system further includes a reaction chamber configured to be maintained at a reaction temperature using heat from the subterranean heat source. The reaction system further includes one or more inlet conduits. The inlet conduits are configured to provide one or more feed streams to the reaction chamber. The reaction system also includes outlet conduits configured to allow flow of one or more product streams.

A reactor (12) and method for the conversion of hydrocarbons utilizes a reactor (12) having a unique feed assembly (56) that creates an inwardly spiraling fluid flow pattern of the feed gases to form a swirling gas mixture that passes through a conduit (46) with a constricted neck portion or nozzle (52). At least a portion of the swirling gas mixture forms a thin, annular mixed gas flow layer immediately adjacent to the conduit (46). A portion of the swirling gas mixture is combusted as the swirling gas mixture passes through the conduit (46) for conversion of hydrocarbons.

A multi-tubular chemical reactor includes an igniter for the initiation of gas phase exothermic reaction within the gas phase reaction zones of the tubular reactor units.

There are provided systems and methods for using fuel-rich partial oxidation to produce an end product from waste gases, such as flare gas. In an embodiment, the system and method use air-breathing piston engines and turbine engines for the fuel-rich partial oxidation of the flare gas to form synthesis gas, and reactors to convert the synthesis gas into the end product. In an embodiment the end product is methanol.

A distillation apparatus for use in microwave-assisted pyrolysis includes a microwave, a pyrolysis reactor, a microwave-absorbent bed, and a condenser. The pyrolysis reactor is located within the microwave and configured to receive a liquid input stream and to output a vapor. The microwave-absorbent bed is located within the pyrolysis reactor that converts microwave energy provided by the microwave to thermal energy to initiate pyrolysis within the pyrolysis reactor, wherein the pyrolysis reactor provides a vapor output. The condenser is configured to receive the vapor output of the pyrolysis reactor and to cool and condense the vapor into a recoverable product.

Provided is a decompression heat-insulating pipe structure that can be used in the system operating at high temperatures. A decompression heat-insulating pipe structure of the present disclosure includes: an outer tube and an inner tube each having a flange; and a seal member between the flanges, the seal member being configured to keep a space between the outer tube and the inner tube in a decompression state, and a shifting means configured to shift the outer tube and the inner tube relatively so as to selectively dispose the tubes at a pressing position to press the seal member between the flanges and at a cancellation position to cancel the pressing of the seal member.

A process for steam cracking hydrocarbon feedstock in a steam cracking furnace, the process comprising superheating hydrocarbon feedstock using flue gas from a radiant section of the steam cracking furnace in hydrocarbon feedstock superheating means or the hydrocarbon feedstock superheater, superheating steam from the steam generator using the flue gas from the radiant section of the steam cracking furnace in second heat exchanging means or a second heat exchanger, steam cracking the super-heated hydrocarbon feedstock from the hydrocarbon feedstock superheating means or the hydrocarbon feedstock superheater into cracked gas in a fired tubular reactor, vaporizing the hydrocarbon feedstock, using hydrocarbon feedstock vaporizing means, wherein the hydrocarbon feed-stock vaporizing means or the hydrocarbon feedstock vaporizer are heated with a heat transfer medium having a temperature less than or equal to 350 C. and feeding the vaporized hydrocarbon feedstock to the steam cracking furnace.

A multi-tubular chemical reactor (400) includes an igniter (435) for the initiation of gas phase exothermic reaction within the gas phase reaction zones (409) of the tubular reactor units (408). A method of carrying out a gas phase exothermic reaction within the multi-tubular chemical reactor comprising: introducing gaseous reactants into a tubular reactor unit (408); initiating with radiant heat an exothermic reaction of the gaseous reactants within the reactor unit; and transferring heat produced by the exothermic reaction occurring within the gas phase reaction zone of the reactor unit to the gas phase reaction zone of one or more adjacent reactor units (408), thereby initiating an exothermic reaction within at least one adjacent reactor unit (408) until in such manner an exothermic reaction has been initiated in each of the plurality of spaced-apart reactor units (408).

The invention relates to a urea plant with a CO.sub.2 and a NH.sub.3 feed, which comprises a purge line, characterized in that the purge line is connected with a fuel gas input line of a utility plant or an NH.sub.3 plant.

Apparatuses and associated methods for forming olefins from saturated hydrocarbon feedstock are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a carrier gas is introduced at a supersonic velocity to a feedstock injector section. A feedstock gas is introduced to the carrier gas stream using feedstock injectors that are offset in the streamwise direction one from another. The upstream feedstock injectors are positioned to inject feedstock gas to create plumes that improve penetration depth of the feedstock gas and reduce pressure losses at the downstream feedstock injectors. The feedstock gas can be regeneratively preheated by cooling the convergent-divergent nozzle. Water, steam and/or hydrogen gas can be injected into the apparatus for cooling the throat of the convergent-divergent nozzle.